1. Rocks and Minerals Atoms, Elements, Isotopes, Ions, and Compounds Minerals–General Types of Minerals Rocks

2. Minerals- the building blocks Atomic Structure Elements and Isotopes Ions Compounds

3. Rocks and Minerals Minerals Defined Identifying Characteristics of Minerals Other Physical Properties of Minerals

4. Halite Crystal Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer.

5. Galena Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer.

6. Fluorite Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer.

7. Halite Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer.

8. Definition of a Mineral “A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure.”

9. Mineral Characteristics Chemical composition –Diamond = graphite (both are pure carbon) Crystal structure –Diamond ≠ graphite

10. Cubic Structure of Halite Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer.

11. Mineral Properties Hardness (Mohs hardness scale) –See appendix C Cleavage (how it breaks- atomic scale) Luster- the surface ‘sheen’ Color is not a good property for i.d. –Corundum (Al 2 O 3 )

12. Minerals: two groups Silicates (Si + O ± other elements) –All built with ‘silicon tetrahedra’ –4 O atoms, 1 Si atom, 4 - charge –Quartz, feldspars –Olivine (peridot) ferromagnesian (Fe, Mg) –Asbestos –Micas –Clays (tropical weathering)

14. Minerals: non-silicates NonsilicatesExample –Carbonates (CO 3 ): calcite –Sulfates (SO 4 ): gypsum –Sulfides (metal + S): pyrite –Oxides (metal + O): hematite –Hydroxides (metal + OH): gibbsite –Halides (metal + halide): salt (halite) –Native elements Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, C

15. Rocks The Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks The Rock Cycle Revisited

16. Definition of a Rock A solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals or mineral materials Important for construction Geologic history

17. The Rock Cycle Earth as a constantly changing system Plate tectonics 3 types of rocks on Earth –Igneous –Sedimentary –Metamorphic

19. The Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks –Formed by the crystallization of magma –Usually made up of silicate minerals –Plutonic: solidified inside Earth (granite) –Volcanic: solidified on Earths surface (lava)

20. Granite, a Plutonic Rock Source: Courtesy of Carla W. Montgomery.

21. Obsidian, Volcanic Glass Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer.

22. Basalt, a Volcanic Rock Source:Courtesy of Carla W. Montgomery.

23. Porphyry, an Igneous Rock Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer.

24. The Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rocks –Chemical precipitation Limestone (carbonate), chert –Clastic sedimentation Sandstone, shale, conglomerate

25. Limestone Source: Photograph by I.J. Witkind, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

26. Shale Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer.

27. Sandstone Source: Photograph © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Doug Sherman, photographer.

28. Conglomerate Source: Courtesy of Carla W. Montgomery.

29. The Rock Cycle Metamorphic Rocks –Changed form –Heat, pressure, fluids –Metamorphism: contact vs. regional

30. Marble Source: Courtesy of Carla W. Montgomery.

31. Quartzite Source: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Bob Coyle, photographer.

32. Schist Source: Courtesy of Carla W. Montgomery.

33. Gneiss Figure 2.12D 2-19 Source: Courtesy of Carla W. Montgomery.