1. Warm Up: GRAB A BOOK  Turn to Page 976  Read “King Affonso I: Letter to King John of Portugal”  Complete “Analyzing Primary Resource” questions  TURN IN ON YOUR OWN PAPER WHEN FINISHED

2. The Impact of Europeans and Slave Trade on Africa Chapter 16 Section 4 JOIN ME ON PAGE 398 EQ: What circumstances led to the trading of Africans as slaves? How did slave trade affect people?

3. Enter the Portuguese  The Portuguese, thanks to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, had the “blessing” to control Africa  The Portuguese 1)only set up small outposts on the West African coast 2) used their naval might to oust the Arab traders who dominated East African ports

4. Other Europeans  About 150 years after the Portuguese set up shop in Africa, the French, British and Dutch arrive  They do the same thing as Portugal, only build ports along the immediate coastline  European trade with Africans FIRST started out with the exchange of simple goods early on…only OCCASIONALLY would Africans traders offer people as goods to Europeans…this would change, however…

5. Slavery  Slavery has existed as a part of human society since its humble beginnings  People in every empire from Egypt to Greece to Rome and beyond have been enslaved…the word slave comes from the large number of Slavs captured from Russia by the Romans  Arabs (Muslims) also took slaves from Africa for farming/irrigation projects, but eventually they were able to rise to prominence in Islamic society…also, many African women found their way into harems  Slavery was ALREADY a normal part of African society…kings measured their wealth and power by the number of people they were able to enslave  Why did African slave trade start/take off?  Slaves from Africa became a valuable resource for Europeans because of their economic activities in the New World  Major Reason: Natives were not plentiful enough to enslave…they were all dying off!

6. Roots of Slave Trade  Both the Portuguese and Spanish begin trade to fill demands for labor in the Americas  They willingly trade goods with African empires and in exchange, they started to request mainly slaves for their products  Europeans rarely hunted down slaves on their own, rather they were sold to them by the ruling classes of African coastal empires  All other European empires follow suit with this pattern and the demand on African coastal kingdoms to provide slaves increased

7. Triangular Trade (pg. 401)

8. The Middle Passage  This was the nickname applied to journey across the Atlantic to the Americas  This journey was not a pleasant one for all slaves  The ships were overcrowded  Many died from disease or malnourishment  Those who resisted were killed, those who escaped died (in both cases, they were drowned, weighted down by their chains)  The overwhelming majority of African slaves went to Brazil

9. African Leaders Resist  Not all African Leaders willingly traded slaves  King Affonso  Ruler of the Kongo (Congo)  Christianized ruler who was alarmed by slave trade  Only made verbal appeals to European powers to stop trade  The almamy (king Abdul Kader Kane) of Futa Toro (Senegal)  Wrote law forbidding transport of slaves in his kingdom  Traders plainly stopped going through his kingdom, in some instances, even stopped trading with his people

10. Kingdoms Rise Thanks to Slave Trade  Empires emerged in the immediate territories along the African coastline  The Asante (Ashanti), one such empire, dominated slave trade in the 1600s  Another was Dahomey…the kings of Abomey based their entire economy of trading slaves (slavery had always been central to their economy)  Rulers of these kingdoms learned to manipulate the slave trade by playing off European rivalries

11. Slave Trade Ends  Islamic empires emerge in the 1700s and 1800s that were resistant to slave trade  The rulers of these kingdoms used Islamic jihad to put an end to the raiding of central African tribes…many people were converted  By the end of the 1700s, some Europeans began to protest slave trade as inhumane, many of them former slave traders themselves  England became the first European nation to ban slave trade in 1807

12. For the remainder of time…  Chapter 16 section 4 Puzzle/Biography (more time tomorrow after film, DUE tomorrow at end of class)  TOMORROW Two Film Clips on Slave Trade  Accra (shows a slave trade outpost)  Abomey (shows how/why African kings sold their own people)