1. Saponification Triglyceride Lye Soap Glycerin

2. Triglycerides OilsFats (At ambient temperature) Liquid Solid

4. Any oils can be used to make soap… Linseed Oil Palm oil Coconut oil Fish oil

5. Oil/FatHardnessBubbling Additive ? Odor Odor Palm oil ++++++++++ - - - - - Coconut oil +++++++++++ - - - - - Linseed oil - - - - - ++++ +++++ Sunflower oil - - - - +++ ++++ Soya oil - - - +++ ++++ Walnut oil +++++++++ - - - Tallow (beef) +++ - - - - +++ Characteristics of soap made from some oil :

6. Marseille soap = 72 % oil, with no colouring or artificial additives Marseille Soap is traditionally green or white : (Coprah oil ~ Coconut oil) Green Soap: At least 50% Olive Oil, 22% Coprah oil White Soap: At least 50% Palm Oil, 22% Coprah oil

7. Where does Potassium come from ? … ashes % (K 2 CO 3 ) Wood 10 10 Corn residues 50 50 Bean 27 27 Banana peel 42 42 Banana tree 50 50 Orange peel 27 27 Potatoe peel 28 28 Lemon peel 31 31 Wood ashes contain up to 10 % of K 2 CO 3

8. Where does Sodium come from ? The Glasswort grow on beaches, it’s a salt tolerant plant witch contain up to 40% of Na 2 CO 3 Glasswort ‘s foliage turns red in autumn

9. The lye making process First, place a layer of straw at the bottom of a bottomless barrel Then place ashes in the bottomless barrel Next, pour water above and wait for lye solution (2Na + +CO 3 2- )(2K + +CO 3 2- ) The lye solution obtained is : or

10. Production of NaOH and KOH by electrolysis… …of aqueous solution of NaCl or KCl Sea water : 0.6 mol.L -1 NaCl

11. Using K OH Using Na OH Soft soap Hard soap

12. Human’s fat Lye Tyler’s Soap

13. Oil/Fat mg KOH/ 1g Fat mg NaOH/ 1g Fat Palm oil 200142 Coconut oil 256181 Linseed oil 187132 Sunflower oil 190134 Soya oil 192136 Lard (pork) 195138 Tallow (beef) 197140 How many lye ? How many lye ? Saponification value: Lye needed (mg) to saponify 1 g of fat

14. First step: mix fat and lye At 120°F during 20 minutes 120°F = 50°C

15. Second step: salting out Mixture of Soap and Glycerin A salt (NaCl) was added Soap Glycerin, (Na + + Cl - ) Soap is less soluble in salt water than in fresh water

16. Glycerin or not ? Soap are more transparents Like Tyler’s or Marseille’s soap YesNo