1. LEADERSHIP Submitted to : Mr.Hussain Khorasani Mr.Hussain Khorasani Submitted by : Taqdees Tahir (BB/852) Taqdees Tahir (BB/852) Huma Siddiqui (BB/783) Huma Siddiqui (BB/783) Muhammad Shahid (BB/805) Muhammad Shahid (BB/805) Nasir Saleem (BB/809) Nasir Saleem (BB/809) Omair Ahsan (BB/808) Omair Ahsan (BB/808)

2. Leadership Leadership can be defined as: Leadership can be defined as: “The art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals.” “The art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals.”

3. TYPES OF LEADER IN ORGANIZATION FORMAL LEADER FORMAL LEADER INFORMAL LEADER INFORMAL LEADER

4. LEADERSHIP BASIC Leadership has been defined as: Leadership has been defined as: An integral part of the group process. An integral part of the group process. As an influence process, As an influence process, As the initiation of structure, and As the initiation of structure, and As the instrument of goal achievement. As the instrument of goal achievement.

5. Group phenomenon Group phenomenon Influence Influence Goal directed Goal directed Hierarchy Hierarchy

6. INGREDIENTS OF LEADERSHIP The ability to use power effectively and in a responsible manner The ability to use power effectively and in a responsible manner The ability to comprehend that human beings have different motivation force at different times and in different situations The ability to comprehend that human beings have different motivation force at different times and in different situations The ability to inspire The ability to inspire The ability to act in a manner that will develop a climate conductive to responding to and arousing motivations The ability to act in a manner that will develop a climate conductive to responding to and arousing motivations

7. THREE APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING LEADERSHIP The three general approaches have been used to understand leadership are: The three general approaches have been used to understand leadership are: Trait Approach Trait Approach Behavior Approach Behavior Approach Contingency Approach Contingency Approach

8. 1) EARLY TRAIT APPROACH: From 1900s to 1940s, most leadership studies focused on identifying leadership characteristics or traits. From 1900s to 1940s, most leadership studies focused on identifying leadership characteristics or traits. Trait approach aimed at identifying individual characteristics such as demographic factor or personality traits. Trait approach aimed at identifying individual characteristics such as demographic factor or personality traits. 2) BEHAVIOR APPROACH: Leadership behavior concerned with defining and organizing the task to help followers achieve the goals. Leadership behavior concerned with defining and organizing the task to help followers achieve the goals.

9. Leadership behavior that aimed at creating mutual trust and respect with followers. Leadership behavior that aimed at creating mutual trust and respect with followers. 3)CONTIGENCY APPROACH: 3)CONTIGENCY APPROACH: Strong-willed and domineering more effective then one who is soft-spoken and allows participation. Strong-willed and domineering more effective then one who is soft-spoken and allows participation.

10. LEADERSHIP TRAITS Theorists explain leadership ability in terms of inherent characteristics or qualities that people posses to different degrees. Theorists explain leadership ability in terms of inherent characteristics or qualities that people posses to different degrees. Employees provided four traits in over 50% of their responses:honest, competent, forward looking, and inspiring. Employees provided four traits in over 50% of their responses:honest, competent, forward looking, and inspiring.

11. RANKINGCHARACTERISTICSPERCENT 1Honest88 2Forward-looking75 3Inspiring68 4Competent63 5Fair-minded49 6Supportive41 7 Broad minded 40 8Intelligent40 9Courageous35 10Dependable32 11Straightforward29 12Cooperative28

12. 13Imaginative28 14Caring23 15Determined17 16Ambitious13 17Loyal13 18Mature13 19Self-controlled11 20Independent5

13. LEADERSHIP STYLES The leadership styles are: The leadership styles are: 1. Autocratic 2. Participative or democratic 3. Free-rein 1) AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP: The autocratic leader command and expect complains is dogmatic and positive, and leads by the ability to withhold or give reward and punishment. The autocratic leader command and expect complains is dogmatic and positive, and leads by the ability to withhold or give reward and punishment.

14. 2) DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP: 2) DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP: The democratic or participative, leaders consults with subordinates on proposed action and decision. The democratic or participative, leaders consults with subordinates on proposed action and decision. 3)FREE-REIN LEADERSHIP: 3)FREE-REIN LEADERSHIP: The free-rein leader uses his or her power very little, if at all, giving subordinate a high degree of independence in their operations. The free-rein leader uses his or her power very little, if at all, giving subordinate a high degree of independence in their operations.

15. AUTOCRATIC LEADER FOLLOWER DEMOCRATIC LEADER FOLLOWER FREE-REIN LEADER FOLLOWER THE FLOW OF INFLUENCE WITH THREE LEADERSHIP STYLES

16. CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP Fred Fiedler developed the first comprehensive leadership contingency model in the 1960s. Fred Fiedler developed the first comprehensive leadership contingency model in the 1960s. basic premise is that the match between the leader styles and the leadership situation. basic premise is that the match between the leader styles and the leadership situation. The theory holds that people become leaders not only because the attributes of their personalities but also because of their situational factors and the interaction between leaders and group members. The theory holds that people become leaders not only because the attributes of their personalities but also because of their situational factors and the interaction between leaders and group members.

17. The following are the three situational factors: The following are the three situational factors: 1)Position power 1)Position power 2)Task structure 2)Task structure 3)Leader-member relation 3)Leader-member relation 1)POSITION POWER: 1)POSITION POWER: contingency model, refers to the leaders official power and influence over subordinates to hire, fire, reward, or punish. contingency model, refers to the leaders official power and influence over subordinates to hire, fire, reward, or punish.

18. 2)TASK STRUCTURE: It refers to the degree of clarity a task, It refers to the degree of clarity a task, the quality of performance can be more easily controlled and group member can be held more definitely responsible for performance. the quality of performance can be more easily controlled and group member can be held more definitely responsible for performance. 3)LEADER-MEMBER RELATION: It refers to cohesion of the group and the quality of interaction between the leader and follower and among group member. It refers to cohesion of the group and the quality of interaction between the leader and follower and among group member. Leadership performance depends as much on the organization as it depends on the leaders own attribute. Leadership performance depends as much on the organization as it depends on the leaders own attribute.

19. THE PATH-GOAL THEORY The path-goal theory suggests that the main function of the leader is to clarify and set goals with subordinates, help them find the best path for achieving the goals, and remove obstacles. The path-goal theory suggests that the main function of the leader is to clarify and set goals with subordinates, help them find the best path for achieving the goals, and remove obstacles. Leader behavior categories into four groups: Leader behavior categories into four groups: 1) Supportive leadership 1) Supportive leadership 2) Participative leadership 2) Participative leadership 3) Instrumental leadership 3) Instrumental leadership 4) Achievement-oriented leadership 4) Achievement-oriented leadership

20. 1) SUPPORTIVE LEADERSHIP: Supportive leadership behavior gives consideration to the need of subordinate, shows a concern for their well being, and creates a pleasant organizational climate. Supportive leadership behavior gives consideration to the need of subordinate, shows a concern for their well being, and creates a pleasant organizational climate. 2) PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP: Participative leadership allows subordinates to influence the decision of their superiors and can result in increased motivation Participative leadership allows subordinates to influence the decision of their superiors and can result in increased motivation

21. 3)INSTRUMENTAL LEADERSHIP: Instrumental leadership gives subordinates rather specific guidance and clarify that is expected of them; this includes aspect of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling by the leader. Instrumental leadership gives subordinates rather specific guidance and clarify that is expected of them; this includes aspect of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling by the leader. 4)ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED LEADERSHIP: Achievement-oriented leadership involved setting challenging goals, seeking improvement of performance. Achievement-oriented leadership involved setting challenging goals, seeking improvement of performance.

22. LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY The leader member exchange theory describes the different kinds of relationships b/w a leader and a follower and describes what the leader and the follower give to and receive back from the relationship. The leader member exchange theory describes the different kinds of relationships b/w a leader and a follower and describes what the leader and the follower give to and receive back from the relationship. This model focuses on the leader-follower dyad--- (a dyad is two individuals regarded as a pair. This model focuses on the leader-follower dyad--- (a dyad is two individuals regarded as a pair. The leader develops with the subordinate a special relationship characterized by mutual trust,commitment and involvement. The leader develops with the subordinate a special relationship characterized by mutual trust,commitment and involvement.

23. The relationship b/w a leader and subordinates can be classified as in- group or out-group relationship. The relationship b/w a leader and subordinates can be classified as in- group or out-group relationship. Research suggesst that it is desireable for leaders to develop special relationships with their subordinates,for subordinates who are in the in-group are loyal to their leaders and perform a high level then the subordinates in the out- group Research suggesst that it is desireable for leaders to develop special relationships with their subordinates,for subordinates who are in the in-group are loyal to their leaders and perform a high level then the subordinates in the out- group

24. NEW TOPICS IN LEADERSHIP RESEARCH TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP CHARISMATIC LEADER CHARISMATIC LEADER LEADER MOOD LEADER MOOD GENDER AND LEADERSHIP GENDER AND LEADERSHIP

25. CONCLUSION Leadership required creating shared visions of future objectives, determining how they can be obtained, convincing other to join the effort to succeed. Leadership required creating shared visions of future objectives, determining how they can be obtained, convincing other to join the effort to succeed.