1. WPA Emil Kraepelin: Dementia Praecox “Dementia praecox consists of a series of states, the common characteristic of which is a peculiar destruction of internal connections of the psychic personality....the majority of the clinical pictures are the expression of a single morbid process, though outwardly they often diverge very far from one another.”

2. WPA Kraepelin: Course and Outcome Split “dementia praecox” from manic-depressive illnessSplit “dementia praecox” from manic-depressive illness Early onsetEarly onset Marked deteriorationMarked deterioration Chronic courseChronic course Diversity of signs and symptomsDiversity of signs and symptoms Importance of volition and affectImportance of volition and affect

3. WPA Eugen Bleuler: Loosening of Associations “Of the thousands of associative threads that guide our thinking, this disease seems to interrupt, quite haphazardly, sometimes single threads, sometimes a whole group, and sometimes whole segments of them.”

4. WPA Bleuler: Fundamental Symptoms Renamed the disorder “schizophrenia”Renamed the disorder “schizophrenia” Focused on the characteristic symptomsFocused on the characteristic symptoms Emphasized fragmenting of thinkingEmphasized fragmenting of thinking Partial recovery possiblePartial recovery possible No full “restitutio ad integrum”No full “restitutio ad integrum” A broader conceptA broader concept Heterogeneity: the “group of schizophrenias”Heterogeneity: the “group of schizophrenias”

5. WPA Bleuler’s Fundamental Symptoms AssociationsAssociations Affective BluntingAffective Blunting AvolitionAvolition AutismAutism AmbivalenceAmbivalence AttentionAttention

6. WPA Bleuler’s Description of Fundamental Symptoms Certain symptoms of schizophrenia are present in every case and at every period of the illness even though, as with every other disease symptom, they must have attained a certain degree of intensity before they can be recognized with any certainty…for example, the peculiar association disturbance is always present, but not each and every aspect of it…besides these specific permanent or fundamental symptoms, we can find a host of other, more accessory manifestations such as delusions, hallucinations, or catatonic symptoms…as far as we know, the fundamental symptoms are characteristic of schizophrenia, while the accessory symptoms may also appear in other types of illnesses.Certain symptoms of schizophrenia are present in every case and at every period of the illness even though, as with every other disease symptom, they must have attained a certain degree of intensity before they can be recognized with any certainty…for example, the peculiar association disturbance is always present, but not each and every aspect of it…besides these specific permanent or fundamental symptoms, we can find a host of other, more accessory manifestations such as delusions, hallucinations, or catatonic symptoms…as far as we know, the fundamental symptoms are characteristic of schizophrenia, while the accessory symptoms may also appear in other types of illnesses.