1. Science STAAR Notebook Biology - Category 1
Cell Structure and Function
Cells – the basic unit of all living things.

2. 2 Different Types of Cells Contrasting features:
Prokaryotic
Doesn’t have a nucleus
Simple=doesn’t contain membrane bound organelles
Usually unicellular organisms
Examples: bacteria
Eukaryotic
Contains a nucleus with a nuclear membrane
Complex=contains membrane bound organelles
Examples: animal and plant cells

3. 2 Different Types of Cells Similar features:
Both cells have:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Genetic Material (DNA/RNA)

4. STAAR Question
Which characteristic of prokaryotic organisms makes them different from eukaryotes? A Prokaryotes are made of cells B Prokaryotes have DNA C Prokaryotes do not have chromosomes D Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles
Answer D

5. Cell Parts
Nucleus – contains DNA that contains the blueprint for making proteins.
Ribosomes – synthesize proteins by linking together amino acids with peptide bonds.
Mitochondria - produce energy in the form of ATP for the cell by converting oxygen and glucose.
Body cells that require large amounts of energy have a large number of mitochondria.
Vacuole – responsible for storing material in plant and animal cells. They are larger in plant cells.

6. Cell Parts
Cell membrane – regulates what goes in and out of the cell. Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are found in the cell membrane.
Cell Wall – support; found in plant and bacteria cells.
Lysosome – contain digestive enzymes to break down material
Golgi Body – where proteins are modified by adding lipids or carbohydrates and the packaged into vesicles for transport to their final destination..

7. Cell Parts Cilia/Flagella – both structures give cell motility

8. STAAR Question
What repackages proteins into forms the cell can use, expel, or keep stored? A Lysosomes B Centrioles C Golgi bodies D Mitochondria
Answer C

9. Animal Cell: Plant Cell Cell membrane Small vacuole Mitochondria
Cell membrane & cell wall
Central vacuole
Mitochondria & chloroplast

10. Transportation of Molecules
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a internal and stable environment.
cell membrane maintains homeostasis for the cell by allowing materials to pass through it.
Hypertonic solution = has more solutes
Hypotonic solution = has little amount of solutes
Isotonic solution = solute concentration is equal on the inside and outside of membrane.
REMEMBER YOUR PREFIXES:
hyper = above
hypo = below
iso = equal

11. Transportation of Molecules
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Energy required
Molecules move from low to high concentration
Molecules move against the concentration gradient
Examples: Sodium/Potassium Pump, exocytosis, endocytosis
No energy (ATP) required
Molecules move from high to low concentration
Molecules move with the concentration gradient
Examples: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

12. Transportation of Molecules
Osmosis is the diffusion of water into and out of a cell.
The water is always trying to be at equilibrium on both sides of a membrane.
Will water move into or out of this cell model? 12

13. STAAR Question
Which of the following functions does active transport perform in the cell?
Packaging proteins for export from the cell
Distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasm
Moving substances against a concentration gradient
Equalizing the concentration of water inside and outside the cell
Answer C

14. Energy Production To convert energy in animal and plant cells, chemical reactions take place. Parts of a chemical reaction are: reactants products
Cellular Respiration:
Occurs in the mitochondria
Animal and plant cells perform respiration
Releases ATP energy
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced
Water (H2O) is produced
Photosynthesis:
Occurs in the cholorplast
Plants perform photosynthesis
Absorbs solar energy
Oxygen (O2) is produced
Glucose (C6H12O6) is produced

15. Energy Production Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:
one BIG CYCLE of energy in the ecosystem!
Glucose

16. STAAR Question
The processes of photosynthesis and respiration are considered opposites because-
A Photosynthesis produces CO2 while respiration requires CO2
B Photosynthesis happens during the day and respiration only occurs at night
C Photosynthesis produces ATP while respiration consumes ATP
D Photosynthesis absorbs energy while respiration releases energy
Answer D

17. Cells vs. Viruses Viruses Cells Contain genetic material
Not considered living
Contain genetic material
Can’t reproduce on their own
Needs a living
cell to reproduce
Doesn’t have a
metabolism
Doesn’t contain
specialized organelles
Ex: HIV and influenza
Cells
Contain genetic material
Can reproduce themselves
Smallest unit of life
Perform many forms of metabolism
Contain specialized organelles
Ex: skin cell
Surface markers

18. Virus Viruses are specific to a host cells
Image by Adenosine
Viruses are specific to a host cells
For example, HIV will only attach to
Helper T cells
Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics, we can only treat the symptoms
Antibiotics only attack bacteria because they have cell walls. Viruses do not have cell walls therefore viruses cannot be killed.
It is recommended that people get vaccinated so that their bodies will produce antibodies to reduce symptoms caused by a virus.
Anti-viral drugs can be developed by researching the mechanism used by the virus to infect cells.

19. STAAR Question
A photograph of a virus is shown below. The projections on the surface of this virus allow the virus to – A move inside a host cell B attach to a host cell C control a host cell’s DNA D signal other viruses to infect a host cell
Answer B

20. Viral Reproduction 2 Types:
Lytic Cycle:
Virus attaches to specific to host cell
Virus injects genetic material (DNA or RNA) into host cell
Host cell replicates genetic material
New virus parts assemble inside host cell
Virus leave cell, damaging the cell
Lysogenic Cycle:
1. Virus attaches to specific to host cell
Virus injects genetic material (DNA or RNA) into host cell
Virus becomes dormant in host cell
Host cell replicates viral genetic material when it replicates its own genetic material
When conditions become favorable for virus, it will start the lytic cycle.

21. Viral Reproduction

22. STAAR Question
A person infected with HIV may not have any symptoms for a period of time. During this period the virus affects the body by doing which of the following? A The virus produces toxins that weaken immune cells and prevent them from reproducing. B The virus damages immune cells while using their machinery to produce copies of itself. C The virus uses nutrients meant for immune cells to fuel its own cellular respiration. D The virus changes the identity of the nucleotides of immune cells to prevent the immune system from functioning normally.
Answer B

23. Interphase = 90% of the cell cycle
Cells not actively dividing are in the GO phase, a resting phase.
Why would a cell need to divide itself?
Interphase = 90% of the cell cycle

24. STAAR Question
Which of the following must occur before DNA replication can take place? A Translation of DNA into amino acids B Separation of the DNA molecule into codon C Separation of the DNA between the nitrogen bases D Transformation of DNA and RNA
Answer B

25. Mitosis allows each new daughter cell to be genetically identical.
Cell Cycle & Mitosis
Purpose of mitosis: to separate two sets of DNA into two different nuclei.
Mitosis allows each new daughter cell to be genetically identical.
REMEMBER: PMAT and your hand movements!!!

26. STAAR Question
Which phase of mitosis is occurring in the cell indicated by the arrow? A prophase C anaphase B Metaphase D telophase
Answer C

27. Cell Cycle Disruptions
If a gene mutates, cell growth and division could be disrupted.
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells.
These cells are not responding to the cell cycle’s checkpoints.
They repeat the cell cycle continuously.
A gene that helps prevent cancer is the tumor-suppressor gene. If this gene is mutated, then cancer can take over.

28. STAAR Question
The diagram below represents the cell cycle. When cells leave the cell cycle , they exit during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase. Most normal cells can leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer cells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely to do with of the following? A Fail to complete S phase C Repeat the cell cycle continuously B Mutate during G1 phase D Die after completing mitosis
Answer C

29. Cell Differentiation
Cell differentiation: process of cells developing a specific function through the expression of different genes as they mature.
Stem cells – cells without a function

30. Factors that Affect Cell Differentiation
Gene Expression:
DNA – genes in the DNA can be turned “on” to be made into a protein
RNA – will copy the parts of the DNA needed to make the protein needed by the organism
Environmental Factors:
“triggers” tell the RNA which parts of the DNA need to be copied ON
OFF

31. Specialized Cells Examples: Animal and plant cells
DNA in the zygote is passed on to new daughter cells
Zygote – a fertilized animal cell
Different parts of the DNA will be “expressed” to give the new cell a specific function

32. STAAR Question
Unicellular organisms carry out all the necessary life processes in one cell. In multicellular organisms, each cell is specialized to perform a specific function. How do the cells in multicellular organisms become specialized? A Cells develop specific functions through the expression of different genes as they mature. B A single nucleus coordinates the function performed by each cell. C The brain communicates the function required for each cell. D Each cell carries a unique set of genes.
Answer A

33. Remember: The Polymer Song
Biomolecules
Remember: The Polymer Song
Carbs are made of sugars
We call them saccharides
And nucleic acids are long chains
Of small nucleotides
Amino acids go together
Linked from side to side
To make each kind of protein
Also called polypeptides
© Patrick Haney

34. Biomolecules Structure Identify each biomolecule:1.
Nucleic Acid 2.
Carbohydrate 3.
Protein
1. Nucleic Acid; 2. Carbohydrate; 3. Protein; 4. Lipid 4.
Lipid

35. Biomolecules Function
Carbohydrates:
provide ENERGY!
Make up cell membranes
Lipids:
provide ENERGY! (more than carbs)
Make up cell walls
Nucleic Acids:
Stores information
Proteins:
Functions vary:
transport molecules through membranes,
attack invading germs,
carry oxygen through the blood
send signals

36. STAAR Question
Both lipids and carbohydrates are important in animal cells because both- A store energy B contain nitrogen C form cell walls D provide insulation
Answer A