1. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008 (Quadrillion Btu) 99.2 Quadrillion BTU Source: DOE/EIA

2. Primary Energy Use by Fuel – 1980 – 2030 (quadrillion Btu) Source: AEO 2009

3. Industrial Transportation Residential and Commercial Electric Power Petroleum-based liquids consumption is projected to be flat as biofuels use grows Biofuels million barrels per day HistoryProjections Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)

4. Biomass Wind Solar Waste Geothermal Nonhydropower renewable power meets 33% of total generation growth between 2007 and 2030 billion kilowatthours HistoryProjections Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)

5. How Power Plants Produce Electricity

6. Source: NAS 2009

8. Renewable Energy Sources  Oceans  Geotech  Biomass  Hydro  Wind  Solar Storage

9. Renewable Energy Characteristics ► Abundant and available everywhere ► Inherently does not deplete the earth’s natural resources ► Causes little, if any, environmental damage

10. The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the Nation’s Energy Supply, 2007 Source: EIA May 2008

11. Hydro Power

12. Source: TVA

13. Drag

14. Wind Resources of the U.S.

16. Current technology: 5 MW turbines and 60 m blades (120 m diameter)

18. Passive Solar

21. Solar Earth at sea level – 1,000 W/m 2 NC solar radiation – averages 4.5 hrs/day NC – 4.5 kWh/m 2 PV efficiency ~ 15% (Polycrystalline) Capacity Factor – 4.5/24 = 18.7%

23. Air Infiltration Sites  Plumbing penetrations through insulated floors and ceilings  Chimney penetrations through insulated ceilings and exterior walls  Fireplace dampers  Attic access hatches  Recessed lights and fans in insulated ceilings  Wiring penetrations through insulated floors, ceilings, and walls  Missing plaster  Electrical outlets and switches, especially on exterior walls  Window, door, and baseboard moldings  Dropped ceilings above bathtubs and cabinets

24. Biomass and Biofuels Resource Potential

28. Dependency on Nuclear Power ~440 Reactors worldwide with 104 in the US, 58 in France and 31 in the Russian Federation

29. Brunswick 1 & 2 (Southport) Sharon Harris 1 (New Hill) McGuire 1 & 2 (Cornelius) NPPs in the Southeastern U.S.

30. Isotopes of Hydrogen hydrogendeuteriumtritium

31. Each fuel pellet has the same amount of energy as: One ton of coal or 149 gallons of oil OIL 2 1/2 tons of wood

32. Pressurized Water Reactor

33. Excess Energy per Nucleon HU, Pu Fe Atomic Number Energy fusionfission 190+

34. Principal Nuclear Reactions (in a Reactor) n n + 2-3 n & 200 MeV fp2 fp1 fission reaction capture reaction U235 U238 U236 U239 Np239 Pu239 β β

35. SAFETY

36. Spent Nuclear Fuel An average sized nuclear power plant produces around 20 tons of spent fuel a year. Composition: ~ 1% Plutonium-239,240 & MA ~ 3% Fission/Stable Products ~ 96% Uranium (~0.8% U 235 ).

37. Economics O&M + Fuel 2008 Fuel Costs: Coal 2.57 Gas 8.09 Nuclear 1.87 Petroleum 17.26 Wh Source: NEI

38. Uranium (Once-Through) Fuel Cycle Spent Fuel Geological Repository Storage Pools & Dry Cask Storage

40. Uranium Fuel Cycle with Reprocessing SPENTFUELSPENTFUEL Uranium Plutonium Minor Actinides LLFP SLFP & Stable Recycle or Class C Waste Transmute or MOX Transmute or FBR Fuel Repository Transmute or Repository

41. Composition After 10 Years of Decay ■ Uranium 95.6% ■ Plutonium 0.9% ■ Minor Actinides 0.1% ■ Iodine & Technicium 0.1% ■ Stable & SLFP 3.0% ■ Cesium & Strontium 0.3% 1.1%

42. Relevant Half Lives