1. The Appendicular Skeleton Slide 5.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. The Appendicular Skeleton Slide 5.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Limbs (appendages) – arms & legs  Pectoral girdle (shoulders)  Pelvic girdle (hips)

3. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Slide 5.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.20a, b

4. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle  Composed of 2 bones: clavicle & scapula  Clavicle (collarbone)  attaches to sternum & to the scapula  keeps shoulder from dislocating and the arm from flopping forward onto chest  Scapula (shoulder blade)  Only attaches to the axial skeleton at the clavicle, so allows lots of movement  Drawbacks: clavicle breaks; scapula dislocates

5. Slide 5.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.20c, d

6. The Scapula  Scapula  Has 3 important landmarks or areas: acromion process, coracoid process & glenoid cavity  Acromion process – where clavicle connects  Coracoid process – forms top of shoulders & gives arm muscles a place to attach  Glenoid cavity – shallow socket where humerus fits (ball & joint)

7. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Humerus = upper arm  Round at the top for shoulder joint  2 depressions at lower end to allow ulna to move freely Figure 5.21a, b

8. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The forearm has two bones: ulna & radius Radius is on thumb side Ulan & radius touch at top & bottom (radioulnar joints) & are joined in the middle by interosseous membrane Radius allows arm to rotate Figure 5.21c

9. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The hand:  Carpals – wrist, 8 bones – 2 rows of 4  Metacarpals – palm; 5 total, #1 = thumb  Phalanges – fingers; 14 total (3 per finger except the thumb) Figure 5.22

10. Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Slide 5.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23a

11. Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Slide 5.38b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23b

12. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Composed of 2 hip bones (coxal bones)  Does not include the sacrum & coccyx  Composed of three pair of fused bones  Ilium – large upper part, most of the hip bone  Ischium – lower back part, what you sit on  Pubic bone – lower front part  All 3 are heavy bones with deep sockets & lots of ligament  Attaches to the axial skeleton & entire weight of body rests on the pelvis

13. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  2 main functions  Bear weight is the main function  Second function is to protects several organ  Reproductive organs  Urinary bladder  Part of the large intestine  Several differences between male & female pelvic girdles so can easily tell gender on a skeleton  One big difference is the size of the interior cavity since women give birth

14. Gender Differences of the Pelvis Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23c

15. Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.40a  Carry our entire weight when erect, so large & thick compared to arms  Femur - thigh bone  Only bone in the thigh  Lower leg  Tibia & fibula Figure 5.35a, b

16. Femur Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The largest and strongest bone in the body  The top has a large head (to fit into pelvis), a neck and the greater & lesser trochanters (for muscle attachment)  The neck is a common fracture site, especially in older people  Femur slants medially or toward the inside as it goes down toward the knee – more pronounced in women  Two condyles or bumps at the distal end of femur to rest on the tibia below  Big groove between the condyles where the patella moves back and forth with movement

17. Bones of the Lower Leg Slide 5.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The leg has two bones: tibia & fibula  Very similar to ulna and radius  Tibia (shinbone) is bigger & medial – upper end is where patella attaches; lower end forms ankle Figure 5.35c

18. Bones of the Foot Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Three parts like the hand  Tarsus – ankle  Metatarsals – sole  Phalanges – toes  2 jobs: support weight & act as a lever to help us move forward Figure 5.25

19. Arches of the Foot Slide 5.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches  Two longitudinal  One transverse  Allows flexibility and springiness Figure 5.26