1. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

2. Oil Refining GTL - Gas to Liquids

3. Oil Refining

4. What is Crude Oil? ≈ A huge jumble of Hydrocarbons (Hydrogen + Carbon). ≈Methane (CH 4 ) right through to C 60 + (and everything in between). ≈ Contains plenty of Impurities. Silt Petrol Bitumen Diesel Jet Heavy Fuel Butane Salts Water Organic Acids Oil Refining

5. Lytton - 1965 105,500 bpd Kwinana - 1955 138,500bpd Geelong - 1954 119,000 bpd Kurnell - 1956 124,500 bpd Altona - 1949 135,000 bpd Port Stanvac - 1963 78,000 bpd MOTHBALLED Clyde - 1928 86,000 bpd Oil Refining Bulwer Is - 1965 88,000 bpd

6. jetty processing plant finished products tank farm crude oil tank farm component tankage Oil Refining

7. ≈ Separation ≈ Conversion ≈ Purification ≈ Blending Refining Processes Oil Refining

8. Removal of Salts ≈Salts in crude oil will corrode and cause blockage in the plant ≈They are removed by washing pure water through the oil in the presence of an electrical current ≈The salts prefers to be in the water as they are soluble. The electric current coalesces, or joins together, small water droplets into bigger ones so that they can ‘drop out’ of the crude oil and be recovered. ≈Salts are then removed from the water so that the water can be reused Separation Oil Refining

10. Distillation (fractionation) ≈Atmospheric occurs in distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure at around 350 - 400 O C ≈Vacuum allows the separation of heavy hydrocarbons with boiling points of 450 O C and higher without them “cracking” Separation Oil Refining

11. CLICK TO PLAY ANIMATION

12. Oil Refining

13. Catalytic (Cat) Cracking - uses heat and a catalyst to “crack” heavy hydrocarbon fractions Thermal Cracking - uses heat to crack residue from vacuum distillation Hydrocracking - cat cracking in the presence of H 2 Conversion Oil Refining

14. Cracking in the presence of a catalyst becomes Oil Refining

15. Catalytic Cracker Oil Refining

16. in the presence of a catalyst becomes + - using heat, pressure and a catalyst to change straight molecules into circular molecules to make high octane petrol and petrochemical feedstock Oil Refining Catalytic reforming

17. Catalytic Reformer Oil Refining

18. in the presence of a catalyst becomes - joining lighter molecules together to form higher quality petrol, aviation fuels or petrochemicals Oil Refining Alkylation and polymerisation

19. Alkylation Oil Refining

20. Hydrotreating - mixing of feedstock with H 2 and heating to remove sulphur compounds Purification Oil Refining

22. GTL – GAS TO LIQUIDS

23. GTL - Gas to Liquids

25. STEP ONE Syngas 2CH 4 + O 2 = 4H 2 + 2CO STEP TWO Fischer-Tropsch CO + 2H 2 = -CH 2 - + H 2 O STEP THREE Separation

26. GTL - Gas to Liquids 123 456

27. Mossel Bay, South Africa

28. GTL - Gas to Liquids Bintulu, Indonesia

29. GTL - Gas to Liquids Escravos, Nigeria

30. GTL - Gas to Liquids

32. Thank you.