1. © 04/08/20011 Logistics Systems Engineering System Cost Analysis NTU SY-521-N SMU SYS 7340 Dr. Jerrell T. Stracener, SAE Fellow

2. © 04/08/20012 System Cost Analysis Definitions Cardinal Principles Scope of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) LCC Model Structure & Analysis Flow LCC Applications LCC Phases LCC Analysis LCC Tracking Summary

3. © 04/08/20013 Definitions LCC: The total cost to the customer of acquisition and ownership of a system over its full life. It includes the cost of development, production, operation, support and where applicable, disposal. Cost Effectiveness: Consideration of performance, mission reliability, operational readiness (availability), etc., along with LCC to evaluate competing design or support approaches.

4. © 04/08/20014 Definitions Life Cycle Costing: An analytical study of a system’s live cycle cost- not an exact science. Design to Cost (DTC): Cost is a design parameter receiving consideration along with performance, schedule, etc. DTC is a management tool to integrate cost into the design process.

5. © 04/08/20015 Cardinal Principles Not an exact science - numerous estimations No right or wrong - reasonable or unreasonable No such thing as an LCC expert - too broad and deep Not a good budgeting tool - effective as comparison/trade-off tool

6. © 04/08/20016 Cardinal Principles Requires a project team approach - need specialized expertise Should be integral part of the design and support processes - DTLCC

7. © 04/08/20017 Scope of LCC LCC analysis can be applied on commercial as well as government programs Existing government programs require LCC analysis - increasing frequency is expected LCC analysis is applicable across all phases of a program - development, production and use

8. © 04/08/20018 Scope of LCC LCC analysis is applicable to software as well as hardware

9. © 04/08/20019 Typical LCC Model Structure ACQUISITION COST D & D COST NONRECURRING INVESTMENT COST Acquisition Cost Insert Model

10. © 04/08/200110 LCC Analysis Flow Doctrines Procurement Operational Maint./Support System Characteristics Standard Factors Input Data Estimates Cost Model Estimate of LCC Best Estimate of LCC Sensitivity Analysis

11. © 04/08/200111 LCC Applications Customer: –Affordability studies - measure impact of a system’s LCC on the system budget –Source selection - compare LCC among competing systems (suppliers) –Design trade studies - influence design aspects of systems that impact LCC Evaluate design alternatives Evaluate support alternatives Establish reliability and maintainability levels

12. © 04/08/200112 LCC Applications Customer (continue): –Repair level analysis –Warranty pricing and cost effectiveness Supplier –Identification of cost drivers for emphasis during program - sensitivity –Comparison of competing design and support approaches - ranking –Estimate of total LCC - tracking –Marketing tool - new and modified programs

13. © 04/08/200113 Life Cycle Costing in Sys. Acquisition SAE RM&S Workshop-April, 1989 70% 85% 95% By end of concept studies By end of system def. By end of full scale devlp. Cumulative Percent of LCC 100 0 System Life Cycle 50

14. © 04/08/200114 LCC by Program Phase Determination of Mission Need Conceptual Studies Investigation of Alternative Solutions Phase I Demonstration and Validation Phase II Engineering and Manufacturing Development Phase 0 Concept Exploration and Definition Phase III Production and Deployment Phase IV Operations and Support Identification/ Analysis of Major System Alternatives Competitive Demonstration Design and Test Selected System Alternative Design Tradeoffs Rate Production of System Warranty User Support Modifications/ Product Improvement

15. © 04/08/200115 Phased Lice Cycle Costs D&VFSD Development Costs Acquisition Costs Production Items Support Items Acquisition Costs Ownership Costs Operational and Support Costs (O&S) Impact on Force Structure Equipment/Personnel Logistical Support Systems Concept Annual Cost Life Cycle Phases

16. © 04/08/200116 LCC Analysis LCC Analysis Applications Types of LCC Analyses LCC Baseline Analysis Operating and Support Costs LCC Tradeoff Analysis

17. © 04/08/200117 LCC Analysis Applications Marketing Effort: conducted to demonstrate the cost advantage of a proposed system compared with existing equipment or competitors equipment Proposal Effort: Conducted per customer’s requirements and used as a customer evaluation tool

18. © 04/08/200118 LCC Analysis Applications Required Contractual Effort: Conducted per customer’s requirements and used to evaluate different alternatives or to monitor LCC as design matures General Program Support: conducted to assist internal management in deciding among alternative approaches to solving a problem or in evaluation the risk associated with particular decision

19. © 04/08/200119 Types of LCC Analyses Baseline LCC Analysis: Evaluates the life cycle cost for a particular system configuration for a given operational and maintenance environment Sensitivity Analysis: Determines the sensitivity of the output results ot key input parameters in order to identify ocst drivers which will require special controls and monitoring as well as improved model input accuracy

20. © 04/08/200120 Types of LCC Analyses Tradeoff Analysis: Evaluates different alternative approaches and selects a preferred candidate based upon a decision criterion such as cost, performance, availability or a weighted combination of these factors

21. © 04/08/200121 Types of LCC Analyses LCC Tracking: Monitors the life cycle cost of a system over an extended period of time, noting variances from an established baseline and from the previous estimate and relating these changes to hardware/software modifications, maintenance policy changes, scenario fluctuations or other factors

22. © 04/08/200122 LCC Baseline Analyses Sensitivity Analysis: –Pinpoints hardware/software, cost categories, and input parameters with greatest impact on LCC - drivers –Establishes thresholds for the drivers Reference point for subsequent LCC analysis Frequent drivers - from experience –Unit Production Cost (UPC) - The average cost per unit for defined quantities

23. © 04/08/200123 LCC Baseline Analyses Frequent drivers-from experience (cont.) –Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) - with operating hours, estimates the expected number of failures per unit in a defined time frame –Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) - with labor rate, estimates the active maintenance labor cost per failure - determined for each maintenance level

24. © 04/08/200124 Operating & Support Cost: 20 Year Distribution Fuel 75% Sch Maint 2% Trans 5% Uns Maint 15% Spares 3% Operating & Support CostUnscheduled Maintenance Cost Parts Consumed LaborRepair Matl Elements of Cost 50% 40% 10%

25. © 04/08/200125 LCC Tradeoff Analysis Identifies preferred design/support candidate from LCC standpoint Provides ranking of candidates with respect to LCC - minimal emphasis on magnitude of LCC for each candidate (concentrate on difference(s)) Through sensitivity analysis, identifies thresholds on input data drivers where ranking of candidates is changed

26. © 04/08/200126 LCC Tradeoff Analysis Evaluates other tradeoff criteria, i.e., performance, operational readiness and mission reliability, and combines these with LCC for overall cost-effectiveness figure of merit

27. © 04/08/200127 LCC Tracking Indicates trend of total system LCC every 6 months - compare with baseline estimate Provides feedback to design and support engineers - status against assigned goals Control of LCC drivers related to the hardware/software - must meet specs Definition of tradeoffs to balance LCC drivers to control total LCC - triggered by increasing LCC over previous estimate

28. © 04/08/200128 LCC Tracking Minimize importance of absolute magnitude of LCC estimate - trend is the key issue Provides interval estimates for LCC prediction purposes - cost-risk analysis

29. © 04/08/200129 Life Cycle Cost Forecasting Margin of Error LCC Uncertainty LCC Time - Years SAE RM&S Workshop-April, 1989

30. © 04/08/200130 Relationship Between LCC and MTBF Cost ($) MTBF (Hours) Total Life Cycle Cost Operating and Support Cost Development and Acquisition Cost

31. © 04/08/200131 Conclusion LCC can be controlled on government and commercial programs through the diligent application of sound LCC Analysis Process DTLCC is a management tool to integrate LCC into the decision process DTLCC is not well defined and depends on ingenuity to make it work Tradeoffs are the cornerstones

32. © 04/08/200132 Conclusion Team concept is the vehicle for a successful DTLCC program - communication and cooperation Emphasis must be placed on the LCC drivers early in the design phase Cost must be traded off against performance to satisfy the true intent of DTLCC LCC Results must be related to the hardware/software to implement DTLCC

33. © 04/08/200133 Conclusion Design and support people must “Think LCC” continually if DTLCC is to be successful There must be a continual dialogue between customer and supplier for DTLCC to be successful - adequate time and funding