2. April 6, 2010 Pretest Vocabulary 9/10 Stamp on Vocabulary 15.1 Notes on Natural Selection Section Assessment 15.1

3. Frozen Frogs Freeze Solid in winter in water Thaw out and resume living in the spring 35% of their body fluids freeze Produce Glycerol which acts like antifreeze This prevents ice crystals from forming in a way that destroys the cells http://ctamp.homestead.com/files/peeper.wav Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer http://ctamp.homestead.com/files/Versicolorcall.wav

4. Charles Darwin Natural Selection: “Survival of fit” Fit reproduce Competition for resources Best adapted species survive

5. HMS Beagle Voyage 1835

6. Darwin’s key ideas: A. REPRODUCTION: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive B. VARIATION:Variety in traits exist C. SURVIVAL OF THE FIT: Some traits allow survival & are passed on D. Over time certain variations make up most of a population & they may be different from their ancestors

7. Malthus’s contribution: Populations grow to a maximum level Environmental limitations Fit animals out compete the less fit POPULATIONPOPULATION Carrying Capacity

8. Evolution Evidence: 1. Adaptations 2. Fossils 3. Comparative anatomy 4. Comparative embryology 5. Comparative Biochemistry 6. Plate Tectonics

9. April 7, 2010 Stamp on Section Assessment – Go over Test Notes on Natural Selection PS Lab 15.1

10. Duckbilled Platypus Warm blooded Mammals – milk Leathery eggs Single ventral opening Detects electrical currents like fish Webbed feet Flat tail Male can inject poison into its predators Has a bill

11. 1. Adaptations : features suited to a particular environment that allow organisms to survive Inuit people, who live in the extreme cold of the Arctic, have short, stout bodies that conserve heat.

12. Masai people, who live in the arid lands of eastern Africa, have tall, lean bodies that disperse heat well.

13. Plant Adaptations: Venus Fly Trap Captures Animals Acquires Minerals For Photo- synthesis Help!!!

14. Leaf Adaptations: Succulents Thick Store Water Prevent Drying out

15. Leaf Adaptations: Pine Needles Shed snow Less water loss Reduced surface area Tolerate wind

16. Flower Adaptations: Fly pollination: Hair along petals Putrid smell Bee pollination: Smooth petal Sweet smell

17. 2. Fossil Evidence : Once living remains of organisms Limited: 1. Type of material preserved (bone, shell, impressions, amber) 2. Incomplete record 3. Easily disrupted

18. Plant Fossil Evidence:

19. 3. Plate Tectonics Geological theory: Continental masses were one land mass that explains Closely related species have common ancestors on now separated continents

20. Early Theories of Evolution: Darwin: Current theory Natural Selection “Survival of fit” Reproduction of the best adapted species Lamark: “Use & Disuse” Abandoned No knowledge of genetic traits or mutations in sex cells

21. Lamark’s Theory “ Use and Disuse” Use of structure results in evolution Does not take into account DNA or sex cell mutations

23. Gene pool? Group of reproducing organisms Specific frequency of allele types: 25% AA 50% Aa 25% aa

24. Changes in the Gene Pool: Changes in the environment= New mix of allele frequencies: 10% aa 60% Aa 30% AA Dominant had advantage

25. Variations: Differences in traits Come about by mutations in genes Random Occur in sex cells Passed on to future generations

26. Bird Beak Adaptations :

27. Genetic Drift Changes in the gene pool due to: 1. Random mating 2. Over a long time period 3. No immigration of males 4. No emigration of females 5. Sufficient resources that match the adaptations

28. April 7, 2010 Stamp on PS Lab 15.1 Define Vocabulary 15.2 in glossary with picture Finish up Notes Section Assessment 15.2 for homework

29. Wrasse Colorful reef fish Schools of females with no male present When a shortage of males one of the females turns into a fully functioning male

30. Same Species Must: Show similar characteristics Successfully interbreed Producing fertile offspring Donkey + Horse= Mule (infertile)

31. Geographic Isolation Separation of organisms by geographic features Mountains Lakes, oceans, rivers Desserts (May result in new species over time)

32. Reproductive Isolation When two different species can not mate and have successful offspring Geographic barriers Anatomy or physiology Social behaviors

33. Reproductive Isolation: Two organisms cannot mate Separated by geographic boundaries Anatomical differences Physiological differences Social behaviors

34. Gradualism “gradual” Small changes Over a long time

35. Punctuated Equilibrium “punctuation!” Large changes Happen rapidly Periods of no change

36. Gradualism: Punctuated Equilibrium Time #SPECIES#SPECIES

37. Adaptive Radiation: “radiation”= branching from one source “adaptive”= survival of fit Evolution of many branches of organisms from a single source