1. Unit 9 Vocabulary

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1. Lamarck- naturalist who proposed that organisms evolved by passing acquired traits onto offspring

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2. acquired characteristics- traits that arise during an organism’s lifetime (not genetic) and are not passed onto offspring

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3. Darwin- naturalist who said that organisms evolve through natural selection 4. inherited characteristics- traits that are passed from parents to offspring through genes; what natural selection acts upon

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5. natural selection-

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6. artificial selection- selective breeding by humans for desirable traits; may produce organisms that are poorly adapted to their environment

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7. evolution- change over time, especially of a species

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8. population- a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place 9. Gene pool- all of the genes found in a population

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10. adaptation- a characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive & reproduce
11. survival of the fittest- the idea that individuals who are well-suited to their environment (fit) are more likely to survive and reproduce than other individuals (natural selection)

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12. mutation- a change in DNA; leads to variation and new traits in a population

11. Unit 9 Vocabulary beaks of finches joints in your fingers
13. morphological adaptation- structural adaptation
beaks of finches
joints in your fingers
anteater’s tongues
necks of giraffes
talons of eagles
shells of turtles
camouflage

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14. physiological adaptation- adaptations of cells & body systems
Ex: platelets in blood, salt pumps in mangrove leaves, enzymes in saliva, callus on feet, shivering in cold, venom of snakes, hibernation of animals

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15. behavioral adaptation- adaptations of reacting to the environment
Ex: going to refrigerator when hungry, migration of birds, squirrels storing nuts, plants bending towards light, mating behavior, attracting prey

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16. theory- an explanation that is supported by a large body of evidence; ex: evolution, cell theory
17. law- describes a set of relationships; ex: law of gravity
18. hypothesis- an educated guess that explains observations; testable

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19. gene frequencies- the proportion of a particular allele in a population 20. evidence for evolution- compares species, helping scientists to understand how species are related and how they originated over time

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20a. comparative anatomy- the relative body features of different species; used to determine how closely or distantly related species are 20b. homologous structures- a feature found in different species that arose in a common ancestor

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20c. comparative embryology- studying the embryos of different species to determine the degree of relationship between species 20d. comparative biochemistry- studying the DNA and other biological molecules of different species to determine the degree of relationship between species

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21. fossils- impressions or casts left behind by a prehistoric organism; provides evidence of the species that have lived on Earth and when they lived

19. Unit 9 Vocabulary 22. Evolutionary processes:
more offspring are born than can survive
individuals have variations
some individuals reproduce more than others

20. Unit 9 Vocabulary Sexual Reproduction: Crossing Over:
23. recombination- shuffling of genes in new combinations through crossing over or sexual reproduction
Crossing Over:

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24. variation- differences in the traits seen in a population

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25. species- a group of organisms of a single type that can reproduce 26. subspecies- a particular variation seen within a species that may, over time, become a different species; ex: Cannis lupus familiaris (the dog) is a subspecies of Cannie lupus (the gray wolf) 27. speciation- the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise

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28. gametic isolation- separation of individuals and their genes based upon how different eggs and sperm refuse to unite due to their identification markers

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29. geographic isolation- separation of individuals and their genes due to physical barriers 30. temporal isolation- separation of individuals and their genes due to mating at different times of the day or year

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31. behavioral isolation- the separation of individuals and their genes based upon difference in their behavior, such as mating habits

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32. habitat isolation- the separation of individuals and their genes based upon how they occupy different habitats and do not encounter each other 33. mechanical isolation- the separation of individuals and their genes based upon how the reproductive parts of the different individuals do not fit together

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34. punctuated equilibrium- model that shows how a lot of evolutionary change takes place in short periods of times that are tied to speciation events; evolution with few transitional forms
35. gradualism- model that shows how large changes in organisms build slowly over time; seen in both the fossil record and geology; evolution with many transitional forms

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36. phylogenetic tree- a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between species

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37. random genetic drift- a shift in allele frequencies due to chance

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38. lethal- deadly; 1 or 2 lethal alleles can kill an organism 39. interbreeding- capable of reproducing together