1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 15: Respiratory System

2. Organs of the Respiratory system Slide 13.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs – alveoli Figure 13.1

3. Functions of the Respiratory System Slide 13.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gas exchanges between blood and air  Exchange place in the lungs  in tiny air sacs, the alveoli  Passageways purify, warm, and humidify air

4. The Nose Slide 13.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The only externally visible part of the respiratory system  Air enters the nose through the external nares (nostrils)  The interior is the nasal cavity  divided by a nasal septum

5. Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

6. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium  The rest of the cavity is lined with mucous membrane  Moistens air  Traps incoming foreign particles

7. Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract Olfactory epithelium

8. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lateral walls have projections called conchae  “turbinate” bones  Increases surface area  Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity

9. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate  Anterior hard palate (bone)  Posterior soft palate (muscle)

10. Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

11. Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Frontal bone: 2  Sphenoid bone: 1  Ethmoid bone: 3  Maxillary bones: 1 each

12. Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Function of the sinuses  Lighten the skull  Act as resonance chambers for speech  Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

13. The Paranasal Sinuses Figure 7.11a, b Anterior ViewLateral View

14. Pharynx (Throat) Slide 13.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx  Three regions  Nasopharynx – superior, behind nasal cavity  Oropharynx – middle, behind mouth  Laryngopharynx – inferior, attached to larynx

15. Pharynx (Throat) Slide 13.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nasopharynx is only respiratory  The oropharynx and laryngopharynx  Common passageways for air and food  Part of two body systems

16. Structures of the Pharynx Slide 13.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx  Tonsils  Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in nasopharynx  Palatine tonsils in oropharynx  Lingual tonsils in oropharynx

17. Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

18. Larynx (Voice Box) Slide 13.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Routes air and food into proper channels  Plays a role in speech  Consists of 9 cartilage structures

19. Anatomy of the Larynx Figure 21.5a, b Anterior ViewLateral View

20. Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thyroid cartilage  Largest hyaline cartilage  Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)  Epiglottis  Superior opening of the larynx  Protects larynx during swallowing

21. Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  False vocal cords  Act as valves  True vocal cords (vocal folds)  Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)  Glottis – opening between vocal cords

22. Movements of the Vocal Folds Figure 21.6

23. Trachea (Windpipe) Slide 13.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Connects larynx with bronchi  Lined with ciliated mucous membrane  Walls are reinforced  C-shaped hyaline cartilage  Keeps tube open

24. The Trachea Figure 21.7a

25. Primary Bronchi Slide 13.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Formed by division of the trachea  Enter the lung at the hilus  Right bronchus: wider, shorter, and straighter than left  Bronchi subdivide into smaller tubes

26. Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Figure 21.8a

27. Lungs Slide 13.12a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Occupy most of the thoracic cavity  Apex is near the clavicle (superior)  Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior)  Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures  Left lung – two lobes  Right lung – three lobes

28. Structure of the Lungs Figure 21.8a

29. Coverings of the Lungs Slide 13.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Visceral pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity  Pleural cavity contains serous fluid

30. Pleural Membranes and Cavity Slide 13.12b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.4b

31. Respiratory Tree Divisions Slide 13.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Primary bronchi  Secondary (lobar) bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Bronchioles  Terminal bronchioles

32. Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Figure 21.8a

33. Bronchioles Slide 13.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.5a  Smallest branches of the bronchi

34. Bronchioles Slide 13.15b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.5a  All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage

35. Bronchioles Slide 13.15c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli Figure 13.5a

36. Respiratory Zone Slide 13.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Structures  Respiratory bronchioles  Alveolar duct  Alveoli  Site of gas exchange

37. Alveoli Slide 13.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Structure of alveoli  Alveolar duct  Alveolar sac  Alveolus  Gas exchange:  takes place in the alveoli  across the respiratory membrane

38. Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Slide 13.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Simple squamous E.T. layer: lines alveolar walls  Pulmonary capillaries: cover external surfaces of alveoli

39. Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Slide 13.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.6

40. Gas Exchange Slide 13.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion  Oxygen enters blood  Carbon dioxide enters alveoli  Macrophages add protection  Surfactant coats exposed alveolar surfaces

41. Events of Respiration Slide 13.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs  External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

42. Events of Respiration Slide 13.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream  Internal respiration – gas exchange  between blood in systemic capillaries  and tissue cells in body

43. Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Completely mechanical process  Depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity  Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure

44. Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two phases  Inspiration – flow of air into lung  Expiration – air leaving lung

45. Inspiration Slide 13.22a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract  The size of the thoracic cavity increases  External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume

46. Inspiration Slide 13.22b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7a

47. Expiration Slide 13.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A passive process  depends on natural lung elasticity  As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs  Forced expiration can occur by contracting internal intercostal muscles

48. Expiration Slide 13.23b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7b

49. Nonrespiratory Air Movements Slide 13.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions  Examples  Cough and sneeze – clear lungs of debris  Laughing  Crying  Yawn  Hiccup

50. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Tidal volume [TV]:  Normal breathing  moves about 500 ml of air/breath

51. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)  Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume  Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml

52. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)  Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled  Approximately 1200 ml

53. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Residual volume  Air remaining in lung after expiration  About 1200 ml

54. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vital capacity  The total amount of exchangeable air  Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV  Dead air space or volume  Air that remains in conducting zone  Bronchi, bronchioles, ducts  never reaches alveoli  About 150 ml

55. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Functional volume  Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone  Usually about 350 ml  Respiratory capacities are measured with a spirometer

56. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Factors that affect respiratory capacity  Size  Sex  Age  Physical condition

57. Respiratory Capacities Slide 13.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.9