1. Immune System Nervous System Hormones and Endocrine Systems

2. Chapter 40: Immune System
Pathogen – a disease causing agent
1st line of defense: Skin and mucous membranes
2nd line of defense: inflammatory response, temperature response, proteins and white blood cells (wbc)

3. Temperature response: body temperature increases to kill bacteria
Temperature greater than 103oF are dangerous
Temperature greater than 105oF are fatal

4. Macrophage – wbc that ingest and kill pathogens they encounter
Cytotoxic T Cells – attack and kill infected cells
B Cells – labels invaders for later destruction

5. Helper T cells – active cytotoxic T cells and B cells
Antigen-substance that triggers an immune response
Koch’s Postulates are a guide for identifying specific pathogens

6. Immunity – resistance to a particular disease
Vaccine – solution that contains dead or modified pathogen that can no longer cause disease. A vaccine triggers an immune response without symptoms of infection.

7. You can get infectious disease through:
Person to person contact
Air
Food
Water
Animal bites

8. Allergy-the body’s inappropriate response to a normally harmless antigen
Autoimmune disease-body launches an immune response against its own cells attacking them as they were pathogens. They can no longer distinguish “self” from “nonself”.

9. HIV causes AIDS when the body can no longer fight off other infections because of the destruction of helper T cells.
If a person’s blood contains antibodies to HIV they are HIV positive.
HIV is transmitted through body fluids including blood. Can also be transmitted through sexual contact, breast milk, and needles.

10. Chapter 41: Nervous System

11. Neuron – nerve cell
Neurons enable movement, perception, thought, emotion and learning.

12. Dendrites receive information FROM other cells.

13. Axon conduct (sends) nerve impulses TO other cells
Nerves are bundles of axons.

14. Synapse – a junction at which a neuron meets another cell.

15. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The CNS interprets and responds to information from the environment and from within the body.

16. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory neurons send information from sense organs.
Example of a sense organ: skin, eyes, ears, nose, mouth
Motor neurons send commands from the CNS to muscles and other organs.

17. Brain Body’s processing center. Contains about 100 billion neurons.
Enables you to have thoughts, feelings, emotions, behavior, memories, and the ability to learn and process information.

18. Spinal Cord
Dense cable of nervous tissue that runs through the vertebral column to a level just below the ribs.
Links brain to the peripheral nervous system.

19. Somatic Nervous System
Consists of most motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle.
Reflexes, although involuntary, are also part of the somatic nervous system. A reflex is a self-protective motor response.
Reflex – sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles in response to a stimulus

20. Autonomic Nervous System
Consists of peripheral motor neurons that regulate smooth muscles such as heart rate, all the body systems, and secretions of glands.
Has 2 divisions:
Sympathetic – fight or flight response
Parasympathetic – keeps body functioning when you are not active (able to breathe while sleeping)

21. Chapter 42: Hormones and the Endocrine System
Hormones are substances secreted by cells that act to regulate the activity of other cells in the body.

22. Function: Regulating growth, development, behavior, and reproduction
Coordinating the production, use, and storage of energy
Maintaining homeostasis (temperature, regulation, metabolism, excretion and water and salt balance)
Responding to stimuli from outside the body

23. Endocrine glands are ductless organs that secrete hormones directly into either the bloodstream or the fluid around cells. (extra cellular fluid)
Organs include the brain, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, liver and heart.

24. Exocrine glands deliver substances through ducts (tubelike structures).
Organs include sweat glands, mucous glands, and other digestive glands.

25. Target cell are a specific cell that a hormone binds to and acts on (carriers the message to)
If high levels of hormones stimulate the output of even more hormone, the regulation is celled positive feedback.
Negative feedback is a change in one direction stimulates the control mechanism to counteract further in change in the same direction.

26. Hypothalamus is the area of the brain that coordinates the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems.
Controls many body functions including:
Body Temperature
Blood Pressure
Emotions

27. Pituitary Gland is an endocrine gland suspended from the hypothalamus by a short stalk.

28. Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the accumulation of glycogen in the liver.
Glucagon had the opposite effect of insulin; it raises blood glucose levels

29. Diabetes mellitus is a serious disorder in which cells unable to obtain glucose from the blood, resulting in high blood glucose levels.
Type I – is a hereditary autoimmune disease (usually treated with insulin dose everyday)
Type II – develops in people over 40 due to obesity and an inactive lifestyle