1. The ESDP: challenges and opportunities

2. The EU is developing something like a ‘strategic culture’? Definition of ‘strategic culture’: institutional confidence and process to manage and deploy military force as part of the accepted range of legitimate policy instruments/ a general recognition of the EU ‘s legitimacy as an international actor with military capabilities /Cornish and Edwards, 2001) Assessing the EU security actorness: -Conceptual definition of the EU as a security actor -Institutional and bureaucratic structure -Capabilities -ESDP/ NATO relations

3. Conceptual definition The European Security Strategy: complex security threats and risks, strategies and policy instrument/ global ambition The Petersberg Tasks (Article 17, TEU)- a broad and ambiguous political commitment The Helsinki Force Catalogue: broad scope of action- low and high intensity military engagement Geographical area of concern When and how force will be used The difference between NATO and ESDP- ‘collective defense’ was the Atlantic Alliance’s fundamental rationale, the ESDP operations voluntary i.e. undertaken by coalitions of the willing Conclusion: to compartmentalize security agenda does not make sense, blending of policy instruments; no collective defense commitment but development of external responsibilities in conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict stabilization

4. Institutional and bureaucratic structure Three permanent bodies established within the Council General Secretariat structure: PSC, EUMC, and EUMS/ composition and competences The role of the HR/SG and his offices/ Policy Unit (Treaty of Amsterdam) No strategic operational HQs for the Petersberg operations Conclusion: the intergovernmental nature of ESDP/ a process of institutionalizing and socialisation pressures of the formal structures and informal process

5. Capabilities Helsinki Headline Goal- how autonomous the force will be/ the issue of funding of ESDP- it’s not centrally funded/ national defense budget reduced Gaps/ lacks in capabilities: operational capabilities (medical and other combat services) and crucial strategic capabilities (strategic air and sea transport, command and control systems and strategic intelligence) EU/NATO working group on capabilities Civilian crisis management capabilities

6. ESDP/ NATO relations NATO - 1996 Berlin 1996 NAC- ESDP and CJTFs/ separate but not separable capabilities and assets -Washington Summit 1999- the Berlin Plus compromise Assured EU access to NATO planning capabilities Pre-identified NATO’s assets and capabilities, available to EU Identification of a range of European command options Adaptation of NATO’s defense planning system The EU, the Feira 2000 arrangements for modalities for cooperation and consultation Cooperation on security issues Cooperation on definition of capabilities goals EU access to NATO assets Definition of permanent consultation arrangements Principles that underpin ESDP/NATO relations: the different nature of the two organizations; full respect for the autonomy of EU decision-making Conclusion NATO’s right of first refusal Most of the EU/ NATO MSs double-hatted their military and other officials that work on cooperation tasks For most demanding Petersberg tasks the EU will be dependent on NATO

7. Scenarios for EU crisis management role Global role Approach: the EU’s existing external functions and competences (development aid and security sector reform) to be improved and protected by application of low scale military force Scenarios /Cornish and Edwards, 2001): -Security of the EU representatives in kidnap-prone areas -Security of EU construction projects -Transport and storage of aid supplies in areas open to predation of organized criminals -Provision of military cordons (land or sea) to assist EU sanctions and embargoes -De-mining and disarmament operations where EU is active -Evacuation of EU representative in a hostile environment Conclusions