1. The European Security and Defence Policy Background -The Maastricht Treaty -The Amsterdam Treaty -The US position Conceptual definition of the European Union as an external security actor -Common Foreign and Security Policy principles and objectives -EU’s external affairs agenda -EU’s security and defence conceptual documents European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) institutions and capabilities -ESDP institutional arrangements -EU military and civilian crisis management capabilities

2. Background The Maastricht Treaty provisions -Launches Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) -Anticipates framing of a defence dimension to CFSP (Article J.4 (1)) -Instruments for CFSP implementation: ‘joint actions’ and ‘common positions’ The Amsterdam Treaty -new instrument: ‘common strategy’ -QMV and constructive abstention options -Establishes the office of Secretary General of the Council and High Representative for CFSP (SG/HR) -WEU as an integral part of the development of the EU The US position -enhancement of the European NATO Allies’ military capabilities and burden sharing -The three Ds warning -duplication, decoupling and discrimination

3. EU’ security and defence policy conceptual definition CFSP principles and objectives/ The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) provisions: - principles of the UN Charter, the Helsinki Final Act, and the Paris Chapter; peace and security; promotion of democracy, human rights, the rule of law - ESDP tasks (Petersberg tasks): conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict stabilasation (TEU, Article 17.2) EU’s external security agenda Traditional external affairs policy instruments: trade, development aid and political assistance EU’s security and defence policy conceptual documents

4. ESDP conceptual documents Thessaloniki Council (June 2003) A European Security Strategy (A Secure Europe in a Better World) Europe as a global security actor Security threats: regional conflicts, bad governance, poverty, climate change, energy dependence; ‘new threats’: terrorism, proliferation of WMDs, and failed states and organised crime Strategy: three-fold strategy- to contribute to stability and good governance in the Union’s immediate neighborhood; to work towards building an international order, based on effective multilateralism; and to counter new and old security threats Basic Principles for a EU strategy on against proliferation of WMDs Action Plan for implementation of the Basic Principles

5. ESDP institutional arrangements I EU’s summits in Cologne (June 1999) and Helsinki (December 1999) ESDP structural arrangements: institutions, composition and functions Political and Security Committee (COPS), the Nice Treaty (amended Article 25) -composition: national officials at senior or ambassadorial level -Functions: to monitor and analyse international relations and formulate policies; to politico-strategic command of EU’s crisis management operations Military Committee of the European Union (EUMC): -composition: MSs Chiefs of Defence, represented permanently by military delegates -Functions: military advice to COPS and military direction to EUMS; monitors EU’s military operation in crisis management Military Staff of the European Union (EUMS), standing Council Secretariat’s department, attached to the HR/SG -composition: 100-150 personnel, seconded from the Member States -Functions: early warning, situation assessment, and military aspects of strategic planning in a crisis management situation

6. ESDP institutional arrangements II Decision- making procedures at politico-strategic level in the event of crisis management and conflict prevention EU engagement: the European Council, COPS, EUMC, EUMS and the selected Operation Commander. Three layers of operational planning and command: Military- strategic operation HQs, Theatre and field HQs; and Supporting and component HQs. Procedures for selecting Operational Headquarters: -Berlin Plus procedure: EU’s operation with recourse to NATO’s assets; operational decision-making within NATO structures: SHAPE and CJTF; - Nation Framework Concept: autonomous EU operations with recourse to a Framework Nation; strategic operational HQs- national, ad hoc creation of theatre HQs. The debate on EU/NATO relations.

7. EU military and civilian crisis management capabilities- I Military capabilities -Headline Goal (Helsinki European Council, 1999); Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)- 60000-strong force, deployable within 60 days and sustainable for a year; -Force Catalogue; 4 scenarios of the RRF engagement: separation by force of warring parties, peacekeeping, humanitarian operation and evacuation of nationals; the expected pool of troops: corps size with air, maritime and ground elements; -Toolbox Paper and Food for Thought Paper: analysis of the strategic situation and the adversary’s character; character of the combat capability; -European Capabilities Action Plan (ECAP)- rationalising Member States improvement in military capabilities.

8. EU military and civilian crisis management capabilities- II Civilian crisis management capabilities; Feira Summit (June 2000)- defines non-military aspects of the EU crisis management; intended to contribute to to missions of UN, OSCE and the Council of Europe; to be deployed in autonomous EU mission to the undertake the civilian aspects of the full range of EU Petersberg operations Four priority areas of EU civilian crisis management: -Policing; pool of 5000 constabulary officers, tasked to implement missions of police advice, training, monitoring and executive policing -Strengthening of the rule of law; pool of 200 officials prosecutors, judges, correction officers; tasked with implementation of legal framework and training of local magistrates and personnel -Strengthening of civilian administration: general administrative, social and infrastructure functions -Civil protection; immediate survival and protection of affected population in crisis situation.