1. JAPANESE IMPERIALISM
: End of isolation
1868: Meiji era; industrialization
After 1879: Cultural and social conservatism; extreme nationalism
: Sino-Japanese war
1902: Alliance with Britain
: Russo-Japanese War
1910: Annexation of Korea

2. EUROPE
By 1907: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France)
1908: Austria annexes Bosnia-Hercegovina
Women’s suffrage: since 1830s in Britain and US; 1840s demand for right to vote; WSPU 1903
1914: War breaks out

3. The Balkan region, 1878

5. Balkan region,

6. Schlieffen Plan

7. TOTAL WAR
Greater control by executive powers of governments, rather than power of elected parliaments
Industrial sectors (e.g. railways) administered or heavily regulated by the state
Regulation of production; rationing of resources
Suppression of dissent; use of propaganda (e.g. German atrocities)
Involvement of civilian men and women (as targets, labor, military personnel)
'Munitionettes', or women who worked in munitions factories, accounted for a large proportion of women in the workplace. It is estimated that by mid-1917, women produced around 80 per cent of all munitions in Britain.

9.
CHEMICAL WARFARE British soldiers in a machine gun nest, wearing anti-phosgene gas masks

10. Western Front, 1917 Gas masks for the chemical war

11.
A WAR OF ATTRITION The battle of Verdun (1916) lasted ten months. It is estimated that over 700,000 people were dead, wounded, or missing. The battlefield was not even ten square kilometers. This is a dugout at the Mort-Homme, or Dead Man’s Hill, an important lookout for Allied soldiers.

12. THE WESTERN FRONT

13.
Ypres, 1917

14.
Left: Russian soldier hanging on barbed wire. Right: Australian soldiers in a trench in Flanders, Belgium.

15. For him the war is over. A lucky wound, 1916.
Source: Images of War: 130 years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (Hamburg: STERN-Buch im Verlag Gruner + Jahr AG & Co., 1983)

16. THE WAR AND THE COLONIES
Battle zones included the Middle East, west and east Africa, even China and some Pacific Islands. And of course seas.
Triple Entente powers grabbed German territories in Africa.
Triple Entente powers recruited troops from settler colonies or “white dominions” (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), and non-settler colonies (in Africa, India, SE Asia).
Japan increased its power in Asia, including German- controlled Pacific Islands and China. New Zealand and Australia also jumped in to grab German Pacific territories.
The British incited Arab princes to revolt against the Ottoman Empire

17. AFRICA’S CONTRIBUTION
France drafted 170,000 West Africans
80,000 Africans killed or injured in Europe
More than 100,000 African laborers died of disease or starvation in Africa. These laborers were drafted by the British, French, and German armies to carry supplies and to build roads/bridges.

18. HUMAN CONSEQUENCES about 10 million dead, 20 million wounded
COUNTRY
DEAD
WOUNDED
PRISONER
Great Britain
947,000
2,122,000
192,000
France
1,385,000
3,044,000
446,000
Russia
1,700,000
4,950,000
500,000
Italy
460,000
530,000
United States
115,000
206,000
4,500
Germany
1,808,000
4,247,000
618,000
Austria-Hungary
1,200,000
3,620,000
200,000
Turkey
325,000
400,000
n.a.

19. Neither race had won or could win the war
The war had won and would go on winning.
~ Edmund Blunden British soldier and poet who survived the Battle of the Somme

20.
HUMAN CONSEQUENCES Daughters of Belgian soldiers who died, at an orphanage in northern France, 1917.

21. Faces of war Below:Veterans of the trenches Right:England, ca. 1918
Faces of war Below:Veterans of the trenches Right:England, ca A new face is matched up Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

22. Hamburg, ca. 1918 Teaching amputees how to walk
Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

23. Rehabilitation in Germany A soldier who has lost his arm practices marksmanship
Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

24. PEACE TREATIES
Germany: lost control of 13% of its territory (Saar coal reserves; European territory to Poland and France; colonies “mandated” to Britain, France, South Africa, Japan); had to pay reparations; had to demilitarize drastically.
Austria: lost territory to Italy, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland (self-determination)
Ottoman Empire (Turkey after 1922): independence for Saudi Arabia and Armenia; Lebanon and Syria “mandated” to France; Palestine, Trans Jordan and Iraq “mandated” to Britain.

25. MIDDLE EAST AFTER WW1

26. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS