1. Standard 10.2.1 The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution
Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, and France.

2. Vocabulary Terms for Standard 10.2.1
1. Enlightenment- an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life.
2. Natural Rights- Rights people are born with
3. Revolution- To radical and complete change to in political organization
4. Separation of Powers- government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches placed limits and control on each other
5. Social Contract- an agreement among a whole society that it would be governed by a general will/what is best for the entire community.
6. Branches of Government- government divided into two or more branches placing limits and control on each other.

3. Summary of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment, an intellectual
movement that spread from Europe to
America in the 1700’s, helped inspire
democratic revolutions in Europe, the
United States, and Latin America. Key
enlightenment writers included Locke,
Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

4. John Locke: England (Slide 1)
John Locke (August 29, English
philosopher. Locke is considered
the first of the British Empiricists,
but is equally important 1632
October 28, 1704) was an to social
contract theory. His ideas had
enormous influence on the
development of epistemology and
political philosophy, and he is
widely regarded as one of the most
influential Enlightenment thinkers
and contributors to liberal theory.
His writings influenced Voltaire and
Rousseau, many Scottish
Enlightenment thinkers, as well as
the American revolutionaries. This
influence is reflected in the
American Declaration of
Independence.

5. John Locke: England (Slide 2)
Thomas Jefferson
John Locke’s Ideas and Influences
1. People have natural rights to life, liberty, and the ownership of property.
2. People form governments to protect these rights. Therefore, a government gets its authority form the people and should reflect their will.
Influence: Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson, the main author of the Declaration of Independence, the basis of the American Revolution. It Stated that people have natural “unalienable rights” and that a government derives its power from the people
the Declaration of Independence

6. Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France (Slide 1)
Montesquieu born on (January 18,
1689 in Bordeaux – February 10,
1755),more commonly known as
Montesquieu, was a French social
commentator and political thinker who
lived during the Enlightenment. He is
famous for his articulation of the
theory of separation of powers, taken
for granted in modern discussions of
government and implemented in many
constitutions throughout the world.
He was largely responsible for the
popularization of the terms feudalism
and Byzantine Empire
Charles-Louis Montesquieu

7. Charles-Louis Montesquieu: France (Slide 2)
James Madison
Charles-Louis Montesquieu’s Ideas and Influences
1. Government should be kept under control through separation of powers-a divisions into independent parts so that no part has too much power.
2. A way to guarantee balance is to have three branches of government:
a legislative branch to make laws;
an executive branch to carry out and enforce laws;
a judicial branch to interpret the laws;
Influence: Montesquieu’s ideas influence
James Madison, Sometimes called the father of
the U.S. Constitution because of his
contributions at the 1787 Constitutional
Convention. The Constitution Separate powers
into three branches
U.S. Constitution c

8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: France (Slide 1)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. Perhaps Rousseau's most important work is The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order. Published in 1762, it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition.

9. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: France (Slide 2)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Ideas and Influences
1. A social contract exists between citizens and their government. In this contract, citizens accept certain rights and responsibilities, and grant the government the power to uphold those rights and responsibilities
Influence: The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Latin American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar. Bolivar fought to liberate his country, present-day Venezuela, from Spanish rule. He also led movements for independence and democracy in what are now the nations of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru.

10. Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 1 and 2
__1. The European intellectual movement that emphasized the
responsibility of government to protect people's natural
rights was called
A. Glorious Revolution
B. Reformation
C. Enlightenment
D. Great Awakening
__2. The phrase “natural rights” is original to and central to the
writings of which philosopher?
A. John Locke
B. Charles-Louis Montesquieu
C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D. James Madison

11. Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 3 and 4
___3. The Declaration of Independence expresses the philosophy
that the power of government comes from
A. God
B. the people
C. natural rights
D. the Constitution
___4. Which statement best summarizes the role of government in
the social contract?
A. Its basis is the rights and responsibilities of the people.
B. Its has legislative, executive, and judicial responsibilities.
C. It guarantees life, liberty, and the ownership of property.
D. Its main purpose is to interpret laws.

12. Standard 10.2.1The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution Practice Questions 5 and 6
___5. What principle is directly reflected in the division of a
government into three branches?
A. natural laws
B. separation of powers
C. the social contract
D. democracy and independence
___6. The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Simon
Bolivar in his commitment to
A. maintain the peaceful rule of the Spanish king.
B. urge the Venezuelan government to separate into three
branches
C. negotiate a social contract between Spain and Latin
America.
D. fight for democratic revolution in Latin America.

13. Key and Grading Scale for Standard 10.2.1 The Enlightenment
3= B
4= A
5= B
6= D
Number Correct
Grade
Points 6 A 10 5 B 08 4 C 07 3 D 06 2 F 05 1