1. Ch 8: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century

2. Science and Urban Life Cities in every industrial area of the country expanded both outward and upward Cities in every industrial area of the country expanded both outward and upward By the turn of the 20 th century, 4 out of 10 people lived in By the turn of the 20 th century, 4 out of 10 people lived in the cities. the cities.

3. Electric Transit Allowed cities to spread outward Allowed cities to spread outward Electric “Trolley Cars” ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices and department stores. Electric “Trolley Cars” ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices and department stores. Some cities like Chicago elevated their trains Some cities like Chicago elevated their trains Other cities like New York moved them underground. Other cities like New York moved them underground.

5. Urban Planning City planners sought to restore a measure of serenity to the environment. City planners sought to restore a measure of serenity to the environment. In 1857 Frederick Olmsted drew up the plans for Central Park in New York City. In 1857 Frederick Olmsted drew up the plans for Central Park in New York City. Daniel Burnham turned Chicago into a beautiful city with parks and sandy lakefront beaches. Daniel Burnham turned Chicago into a beautiful city with parks and sandy lakefront beaches.

7. New Technologies Advances in printing increased the literacy rate to 90% by 1890. Advances in printing increased the literacy rate to 90% by 1890. December 17, 1903 the Wright Brothers flew the first engine powered plane. December 17, 1903 the Wright Brothers flew the first engine powered plane. George Eastman created George Eastman created film for use in cameras film for use in cameras and created the company and created the company “Kodak” to bring picture “Kodak” to bring picture taking to the masses. taking to the masses.

8. Expanding Public Education Most states had established public schools by the Civil War; however, many school-aged children received no formal education Most states had established public schools by the Civil War; however, many school-aged children received no formal education Between 1865 & 1895- state laws were passed requiring 12 to 16 weeks annually of school attendance by students between 8 and 14. Between 1865 & 1895- state laws were passed requiring 12 to 16 weeks annually of school attendance by students between 8 and 14.

9. They emphasized reading, writing and arithmetic. They emphasized reading, writing and arithmetic. Kindergarten became popular during this time. It was generally created as a place where working mothers could Kindergarten became popular during this time. It was generally created as a place where working mothers could leave their kids. leave their kids.

10. Growth of High Schools “Providing ladders upon which the aspiring can rise” Andrew Carnegie “Providing ladders upon which the aspiring can rise” Andrew Carnegie In 1900, more than ½ million students attended high school. In 1900, more than ½ million students attended high school. Subjects began to Subjects began to expand to science, expand to science, civics and social civics and social studies. studies.

11. African Americans were mostly excluded from public secondary education. African Americans were mostly excluded from public secondary education.

12. Immigrants were encouraged to go to school. Immigrants were encouraged to go to school. Helped them to become “Americanized.” Helped them to become “Americanized.” Catholic Schools were formed because they were Catholic Schools were formed because they were concerned about concerned about the Protestant King the Protestant King James version of James version of the bible. the bible.

13. Higher Education Colleges begin to Boom. Colleges begin to Boom. 1880-1920- College enrollments quadrupled. 1880-1920- College enrollments quadrupled. Law and Law and Medical Medical schools schools established. established.

14. Began using the high school diploma for college entrance requirements. Began using the high school diploma for college entrance requirements. With the help of the Freedman’s Bureau, African Americans founded Howard With the help of the Freedman’s Bureau, African Americans founded Howard University and University and Atlanta (Clark) Atlanta (Clark) and Fisk University. and Fisk University.

15. Booker T Washington Was born as a slave. Was born as a slave. Graduated from Virginia Hampton Institute. Graduated from Virginia Hampton Institute. He said that racism would end once blacks acquired the useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. He said that racism would end once blacks acquired the useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society.

16. n.d. Library of Congress R.C. Ogden, Senator Taft, Booker T. Washington, and Andrew Carnegie

17. 1881- started the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama. 1881- started the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama.

18. WEB DuBois 1 st African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895. 1 st African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895. He founded the Niagara Movement, which stated that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well educated leaders He founded the Niagara Movement, which stated that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well educated leaders

19. W.E.B. DUBOIS

20. system of legal policies of racial discrimination and tried to find ways to weaken blacks political power. system of legal policies of racial discrimination and tried to find ways to weaken blacks political power. literacy test to vote. literacy test to vote. Pay the Poll Tax to vote Pay the Poll Tax to vote Grandfather clause for the whites Grandfather clause for the whites Passes racial segregation laws (Jim Crow Laws) Passes racial segregation laws (Jim Crow Laws) African Americans Legal Discrimination

21. Plessy v. Feguson 1896 South Carolina ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and didn’t violate the 14 th amendment. 1896 South Carolina ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and didn’t violate the 14 th amendment. It established separate but equal as long as it maintained separate facilities as long as they were provided equal service. It established separate but equal as long as it maintained separate facilities as long as they were provided equal service. Permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years. Permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years.

22. Discrimination in the North 1900- Many blacks moved to the North in search for better paying jobs and social equality. 1900- Many blacks moved to the North in search for better paying jobs and social equality. Big discrimination in the North also. Big discrimination in the North also. Found themselves forced into segregated neighborhoods. Found themselves forced into segregated neighborhoods. There was also discrimination on the job. There was also discrimination on the job.

23. Mexican workers In the late 1800’s the railroads hired more Mexicans than members of any other ethnic group. In the late 1800’s the railroads hired more Mexicans than members of any other ethnic group. They were used to the hot dry climate. They were used to the hot dry climate. Railroads made them Railroads made them work for less money work for less money than any other ethnic than any other ethnic group. group.

24. The Dawn of Mass Culture Middle class Americans from all over the country shared experiences as new leisure activities, nationwide Middle class Americans from all over the country shared experiences as new leisure activities, nationwide advertising campaigns, advertising campaigns, and the rise of and the rise of consumer culture consumer culture began to level began to level regional differences. regional differences.

25. Amusement Parks: Coney Island was built in 1884. One of the first roller coasters was located here. Coney Island was built in 1884. One of the first roller coasters was located here. 1 st Ferris Wheel of the world was at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. 1 st Ferris Wheel of the world was at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.

27. Baseball 1845, Alexander J Cartwright organized a club in New York City. Five years later, 50 baseball clubs had been formed. 1845, Alexander J Cartwright organized a club in New York City. Five years later, 50 baseball clubs had been formed. 1869- the Cincinnati Red Stockings were touring the country playing exhibition games. This lead to the national league in 1876 and the American League in 1900. 1869- the Cincinnati Red Stockings were touring the country playing exhibition games. This lead to the national league in 1876 and the American League in 1900.

28. First World Series was held in 1903 between the Boston Pilgrims and the Pittsburgh Pirates. First World Series was held in 1903 between the Boston Pilgrims and the Pittsburgh Pirates. African Americans, excluded from the white leagues, formed their own league called the Negro National League and the Negro National League. African Americans, excluded from the white leagues, formed their own league called the Negro National League and the Negro National League.

30. Shopping Earliest form of a shopping center opened in 1890 in Cleveland, Ohio. Earliest form of a shopping center opened in 1890 in Cleveland, Ohio. Marshall Fields was the first department store in Chicago. He found that paying attention to female customers, business would increase. Marshall Fields was the first department store in Chicago. He found that paying attention to female customers, business would increase.

31. Woolworth’s was the first “chain” store. Woolworth’s was the first “chain” store. Catalogs became popular- Montgomery Wards and Sears were one of the first to have the catalogs. Catalogs became popular- Montgomery Wards and Sears were one of the first to have the catalogs.