2. CARTILAGE
Dr Iram Tassaduq

3. CARTILAGE
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue derived from mesenchyme, in which the ground substance is hardened and provides support.

4. CARTILAGE
It is a form of connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes and a highly specialized extracellular matrix

5. CARTILAGE Matrix is solid and firm Does not contain vessels or nerves.
Is surrounded by a layer of dense connective tissue, the perichondrium

6. FUNCTIONS OF CARTILAGE TISSUE
Firm consistency of the extracellular matrix allows the tissue to bear mechanical stresses without permanent distortion
Supports soft tissues.
Shock-absorbing because it is resilient.
Smooth surface allows sliding .
Essential for growth, development of bone.

7. TYPES OF CARTILAGE Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage

8. HYALINE CARTILAGE Cells embedded in clear matrix(hyalos meaning glass)
Perichondrium on surface
Chondrocytes are located in lacunae

9. HYALINE CARTILAGE Bluish white color.
Strong, rubbery, flexible tissue.

10. CHONDROCYTES Produce and maintain extra cellular matrix.
Either single or in isogenous groups .
Fat droplets, glycogen granules are found in cytoplasm.
Active ones are more basophilic.

12. TERRITORIAL MATRIX
Contain high concentration of bound sulfate so stains with basic dyes.
Rich in water(70-80%)
Three classes of molecules are present; Collagen, Proteoglycans and glycoproteins.

13. INTERTERRITORIAL MATRIX
Region that surrounds the territorial matrix
Sulphated proteoglycans are in low concentration

14. LOCATION
Found at
ends of bones
nose
trachea
larynx

15. PERICHONDRIUM Dense CT that covers cartilage
Contains blood, nerve supply, lymphatics.
Source of new cartilage cells

16. PERICHONDRIUM
Divided into two layers
Inner cellular
Outer fibrous

17. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Similar to hyaline cartilage but has elastic fibers running in all directions in addition to collagen.

18. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
The properties of elastin and the fibers it forms give elastic cartilage its ability to be deformed and to spring back into shape immediately. The chondrocytes are more tightly packed together than is the case in hyaline cartilage

19. ELASTIC CARTILAGE ELASTIN STAIN

20. ELASTIC CARTILAGE Elastic cartilage is found in pinna of the Ear
walls of the Eustachian tube
Epiglottis
all places in which the maintenance of a specific shape is important to proper function

21. FIBROCARTILAGE Chondrocytes with dense connective tissue.
No surrounding perichondrium.
Rounded nuclei belong to chondrocytes.
In fibrous areas some nuclei are flat, they are of fibroblasts.
Contain type I and type II collagen.

22. FIBROCARTILAGE
Chondrocytes may lie singly or in pairs, but most often they form short rows between dense bundles of collagen fibers.

23. FIBROCARTILAGE
Collagen type I is dominant in fibrous cartilage

24. FIBROCARTILAGE is typically found in relation to joints
intra-articular lips, disks and menisci
intervertebral disks
symphysis pubis.

25. GROWTH OF CARTILAGE Growth is attributable to two processes:
Interstitial growth
Mitotic division of preexisting chrondrocytes
Synthesis of matrix
Expands cartilage matrix from within
Occurs in epiphyseal plates, articular cartilage
Appositional growth
Differentiation of perichondrial cells  chondroblasts
Increase in girth

26. REPAIR OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
Can tolerate considerable amount of stress
Limited ability to repair Because of
1. Immobility of chodrocytes
2. Less ability of chodrocytes to proliferate
3. Avascularity
4. When hyaline cartilage calcifies it is replaced by bone