1.  Set-Point Theory: Your body’s natural or optimal weight.  Settling-Point Models of Weight Regulation: your body weight tends to “settle” around the point at which equilibrium is achieved between energy expenditure and food consumption.

2.  What is healthy weight?  BMI: Body Mass Index, weight in relation to height.  Multiply your weight in pounds by 703  Square your height in inches  Divide step 1 by step 2.  This is your BMI  http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/as sessing/bmi/adult_bmi/english_bmi_c alculator/bmi_calculator.html http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/as sessing/bmi/adult_bmi/english_bmi_c alculator/bmi_calculator.html

3. Excess Weight and Obesity Obesity—condition characterized by excessive body fat and a BMI equal to or greater than 30.0 (More than 1/3 of U.S. adults) Overweight—BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 (More than 1/3 U.S. adults, 17% of children and adolescents and 14% of 2-5 year olds) Healthy weight – 18.5 – 24.9 Underweight – 18.4 or below http://www.history.com/shows/united-stats-of- america/videos/shape-of-america#shape-of-america

4. Factors Contributing to Being Overweight Highly palatable food—we eat because it tastes so good Not enough sleep disrupts leptin & ghrelin production SuperSize It—food portions are larger than necessary for health http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/portion/index.htmhttp://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/portion/index.htm (portion quiz) http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/portion/servingcard7.pdf http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/portion/servingcard7.pdf (portion size) Cafeteria Diet Effect—more food and more variety leads us to eat more Snacking—does not cause us to eat less at dinner BMR—changes through the lifespan Sedentary lifestyles

5.  Healthcare costs: $60 billion/year in the U.S.  300,000 adults die each year due to obesity related causes

6. Factors in Obesity Genetic susceptibility—some people are more likely to be predisposed to obesity. Multiple genes on multiple chromosomes create a susceptibility. People with a family history are 2-3x more likely. 30% of obese children have obese parents. Environmental factors play a big role. Leptin resistance—condition where higher-than- normal levels of leptin do not produce desired physiological response because leptin is not reaching sufficiently reaching the brain. Weight cycling—repeated dieting, weight loss and weight gain tends to result in higher weight and reduced BMR.

7.  Has evolution programmed us to overeat? Overeating when food is available ensures ample energy reserves when food is not available. We really don’t have to worry about where our next meal is coming from. We eat for positive incentive value of highly palatable foods, and we over eat until we are satiated by that specific taste, sensory-specific satiety. We are hardwire to look for eat and eat a variety of foods, cafeteria diet effect, however today our variety is fries, pizza, and ice cream.  Eating to simulate brain reward? Dopamine = pleasure and satisfaction. Many addictive drugs produce pleasurable effects by increasing dopamine. PET scans reveal significantly fewer dopamine receptors in obese individuals. As BMI increased dopamine receptors decreased. Cause of consequence of obesity?  http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health- food-addiction http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health- food-addiction

8.  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/29/die t-soda-weight-gain_n_886409.html (trash the soda and diet soda) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/29/die t-soda-weight-gain_n_886409.html  http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/ obesity/wecan/downloads/nutritionlabel.pdf (how to read nutrition labels) http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/ obesity/wecan/downloads/nutritionlabel.pdf  www.myfitnesspal.com Free way to track calories consumed and used. There is a free app for your phone as well. www.myfitnesspal.com

9. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa—characterized by excessive weight loss, irrational fear of gaining weight and distorted body image Bulimia nervosa—characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced purging such as vomiting, laxatives Binge-eating—disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating without purging. http://www.webmd.com/balance/video/fr eshman-15-and-eating-disordershttp://www.webmd.com/balance/video/fr eshman-15-and-eating-disorders