1. 1 SOLARGE - National market analysis for CSTS in 2005 Research design, research results and conclusions for SOLARGE 2006 Presentation by Christoph Urbschat, eclareon GmbH Anja Schlieder, eclareon GmbH Susanne Berger, Berliner Energieagentur GmbH The sole responsibility for the content of this presentation lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

2. 2 1. Research Design

3. 3  WP 1 carries out a systematic overview of national structures, policies and market situations in the relevant building sectors and collective solar heating potentials of the partner countries.  The analysis focuses on the main market obstacles and barriers for the implementation of CSTS.  The market studies create the basis to define strategies and concrete actions to be worked out in the following work packages to achieve the intended market stimulation for CSTS technologies.  They will also generate recommendations to policy makers on how to overcome market barriers. Aims and objectives

4. 4 Market model for analysis National energy policy National administration National incentives for CSTS National energy policy framework CSTS implementation National building stock Used heating systems Refurbishment and new construction activities Actors involvement in solar National housing and hotel sector Market history – has market and industry for CSTS developed? Micro: commercial products available? National solar industry Energy prices Capital market terms for this kind of investments Legal conditions for refurbishment activities Building sector regulations National legislative and economic framework obstacles barriers obstacles barriers

5. 5 Work programme 2005 1. Definition of research objectives and design of a draft Version 1.0 2. Circling around to WP partners 3. Evaluation by Work Package Partners 4. Finalisation of research objectives and design 5. Providing the research guidelines to project partners (questionnaire) 6. Data collection phase 1: Collection of public available macro analysis data 7. Definition of data needed to finalise the data collection 8. Data collection phase 2: Collection of macro analysis data by National WP partners 9. Programming of database relating to the Research Objects and Design Document 10. Definition of data still needed to finalise the data collection 11. Data collection phase 3: Primary research of still missing data 12. Comparative country analysis 13. Summary + conclusions for 2006

6. 6 Deliverables December 2005 SOLARGE Macro profiles Data Collection / Structuring Comparative Analysis Assessment Brochure Presentation Country profiles Available PDFs for public dissemination

7. 7 2. Country research results - status 2005

8. 8 1. Spain (1) National multi family housing sector  National building stock of about 14.1 million dwellings in 2000, thereof 65 % apartments  42 % of the dwellings built between 1980 and 2000  Share of privately owned dwellings: about 85 %  48 % of the building stock equipped with a heating system; heating in most areas only used from December to February  Individual heating overweighs centralised heating  Main energy source for heating is gas (mainly in the north), amounting to 39 %, followed by electricity and liquid fuels; district heating is rare  Many new building activities, whereas yearly refurbishing rate is around 0,5 %  89 % condominium ownership National hotel sector  In 2004, total number of hotels and hostels about 13,832 with almost 1,2 million beds in total and an occupation rate of around 54 %  Generally, space heating and hot water provided by central systems  Energy sources are mainly gas or oil  Refurbishing rate unknown, newly constructed hotels amount to 1.1 %, i. e. >152 hotels per year  70 % of the hotel sector is privately owned (in 1999)

9. 9 1. Spain (2) Penetration of individual (per dwelling) and centralized (per apartment building) heating equipment in different regions Source: INE, 2001 Penetration of energy sources for space heating in different regions Source: INE, 2001

10. 10 1. Spain (3) National CSTS market development  By 2004, around 420,370 m² installed glazed collectors in total However, installed surface per 1,000 inhabitants still below European average  Market share CSTS: about 80 %; market growth in the last 2 years: 5-11 %  Large systems are the main market segment: 69 % of the installations with collector area of ≥30 m², representing 92 % of the total collector area in 2002  Systems with a collector surface of more than 100 m² are dominant National legislative and economic framework  Energy prices are quite low  Interest rate for real estate loans amounts to 3-4 %, equity minimum: 20 %  Expected pay back time for refurbishments in the range of 5 to 10 years  Solar Ordinance of 50 municipalities: SWH is obligatory in new buildings and renovation projects (solar fraction: 60 %) National energy policy  New building code (CTE) to come into force by 2005/2006, applicable for all new buildings and major renovation projects (minimum solar fraction: 30 %)  Update of Renewable Energy Plan 2005-2010 (PER 2005): Goal by 2010: 4.9 million m² solar thermal installations (10 % more than the original plan)  Special loans and a budget of 348 M€ for subsidies up to 2010; maximum finance: 80 % of the eligible costs (30 % subsidies + 50 % loans)  Tax deduction of 10 % of investment costs (enterprises) and intended implementation of a fiscal incentive on income tax for private persons

11. 11 2. Denmark (1) National multi family housing sector  Total of 2.6 million dwellings, most of them (38 %) multi family houses, followed by one-family houses and terraced houses  Most of the dwellings built between 1975 and 1979 and before 1900  Major part of the multi family houses (36 %) owned by non profit (social) housing associations, followed by condominium ownership (20 %), municipalities and others (20 %)  Very high share of district heating; central oil and gas are rare  DHW and space heating in nearly all cases with same energy source  Estimated refurbishing rate: 0,2 %; new constructions exceeded 4 % in 2004 National hotel sector  Number of rooms in 2005 registered to be 41,838 located in 527 hotels  Amount of hotels plunged by 43 % from 1993-2003, whereas increasing number of rooms  Rate of occupancy: about 35 % in 2003  Mostly used heating systems: radiators; in some new hotels floor heating common  DHW segment dominated by central systems  Majority of the hotels connected to district heating  Nearly 72 % of the hotel sector owned by commercials (chains of hotels)

12. 12 2. Denmark (2) Ownership of all dwellings Source: www.danmarksstatistik, 2004 Sources of heating in multi family houses Source: www.danmarksstatistik.dk, 2004

13. 13 2. Denmark (3) National CSTS market development  Large systems still installed by the manufacturers  Development of district heating systems is a special Danish feature  283,500 m² glazed collectors supposed to be installed in total by end of 2004, thereof 45-50,000 m² of CSTS  Market growth expected to amount to 50 % in 2005  Compared to the periods before 2002, the market is still at a low level National legislative and economic framework  Wide range of prices for district heating  Combined heat and power common in large scale, thus lower prices in big cities  Access to loans (housing and hotel sector) and low interest loans guaranteed by the government (cooperative housing sector and municipalities)  New building code to come into force January 2006 National energy policy  Particular goal: reduction of CO 2 -emissions, according to the Kyoto-treaty, at the lowest price possible  Solar energy considered to be one of the most expensive ways to reduce CO 2 - emissions (thus, low priority of the government)  National support schemes undertaken by the Energy Agency under the Ministry of Traffic and Energy  No subsidy schemes or other incentives for solar energy

14. 14 3. Italy (1) National multi family housing sector  21.5 million dwellings (i. e. 30 % of the total amount of dwellings)  One family houses (6.9 million) outweigh multi family houses  3.95 million dwellings built between 1961-1981  About 75 % of the population own their apartment, i. e. 15 million flats  Mostly multi ownerships, administrated by external companies/single persons  >90 % of the dwellings are privately owned houses and flats, including condominium ownership  DHW: autonomous heating systems very common (e. g. boilers); rarely centralized DHW systems and district heating  Space heating: centralized systems widely spread  Trend towards autonomous heating plants, especially in social housing sector  High refurbishment rate: after 1991, more than 430,000 buildings refurbished  Certain share of MFH with beneficial heating system National hotel sector  Almost 33,500 hotels, mostly located in the north and centre of the country  1.9 million beds; occupancy rate amounts to 44 %  Centralized heating is most common for DHW and space heating  The energy resource used in almost every hotel is gas  In the south also autonomous heating systems; on the islands electric DHW  72 % of the hotels (in Venice and Mestre) refurbished between 1995 and 2001  45 % part of consortiums, 25 % in ownership and in franchising respectively

15. 15 3. Italy (2) Share of different types of fuels in DHW-preparation of Italian apartments Source: ISTAT, 2001 Share of different types of fuels in space heating plants of Italian apartments Source: ENEA, 2004

16. 16 3. Italy (3) National CSTS market development  4,000 to 8,000 m² CSTS installed so far, which corresponds to an estimated market share of only 1-2 %  Market growth of about 25 % during the past 2 - 3 years  In the centre and the south thermosiphon systems mostly used National legislative and economic framework  Interest rates for real estate investment amount to 3.5-4 %  Bank finance: 75-80 % of acquirement investment and 100 % for refurbishment  Refurbishment payback times: 8 years for plants, 20-25 years for buildings  Law (Legge 10/91) on maximum primary energy demand of buildings and obligation for administrations to install solar systems; however: obsolete  Regional laws, to be included in the local building codes, exist in some cases  Building directive 2002/91/ICE will come into force by the end of 2006, defining maximum values for heat consumption National energy policy  In 2001, allocation of 6 million € for support of CSTS by environment ministry  VAT reduction of 10 % for solar thermal systems  Subsidy program of 15.5 million €, managed by the regions, started in 2002  Accorded subsidies: 30 % of the investment; each region decides on how to finance solar thermal plants  Promotion program (9 million €) for central and southern regions with subsidies of up to 50 % of the investment costs

17. 17 4. Slovenia (1) National multi family housing sector  National building stock of >777,000 dwellings, of which 242,000 (31 %) are multifamily houses and 65 % are equipped with central heating systems  59 % of the houses built before 1975 and 31 % between 1975 and 1990  More than 92 % of the dwellings are privately owned, due to sales of state owned building stock under very favourable conditions in the 1990s  27,000 non-occupied dwellings  High energy consumption for water heating, arousing potential for solar thermal  Oil is dominant for space heating (almost 45 %), followed by biomass (29 %) and district heating (12 %)  For water heating, electricity is also common (29 %)  Rate of new constructions in 2002 less than 0,1 % National hotel sector  190 hotels, mainly built after 1965, situated in 30 important tourist centres  Capacity of 27,500 to 30,000 beds in total; 400 to 500 beds on average  Yearly occupancy rate of about 47.9 %  65 % of the hotels are privately owned, with only a few hotel chains  Also interesting for solar thermal: 13 existing larger campsites  Renovation realised by important hotel chains in recent years; 2,000 boilers are to be replaced by 2010  On average, around 90 buildings newly constructed per year  Refurbishment activities due to developing tourist sector

18. 18 4. Slovenia (2) Share of energy sources in final energy consumption for heating and hot water heating in households Source: Statistical Yearbook Republic of Slovenia; 2002 Type of heating systems for heating and hot water heating in households Source: Statistical Yearbook Republic of Slovenia; 2002

19. 19 4. Slovenia (3) National CSTS market development  Large number of solar systems installed between 1980 and 1990  Around 9,000 m² of glazed solar collectors installed from 2000-2004  Approx. 1,800 m² newly installed glazed collectors in 2004, thereof 250 m² CSTS  Only very few CSTS installed per year, due to bad experiences concerning durability in the past National legislative and economic framework  Payback times vary, depending on the dimension and technology of refurbishment measures (from 3-4 up to 25 years)  Mechanisms to shift investment costs from the investor/owner to the users/tenants are fixed in individual agreements  Regulation on thermal protection and efficient energy use in buildings: solar systems can be included in the calculation of the final energy consumption in buildings with up to 4 apartments (individual buildings only)  No obligations for CSTS and no solar ordinance regulations so far National energy policy  Objective: share of heat production out of RES of 25 % by 2010 (today: 22 %)  National environment protection program envisions 10,000 m² of solar collectors newly installed by 2010  No direct support scheme or promotion program for CSTS  In the past, support for self-construction for small systems  Subsidies in 2004 for MFH and hotels: up to 40 % of eligible costs

20. 20 5. Germany (1) National multi family housing sector  National building stock of about 38 million apartments, thereof 54 % (three million) multifamily buildings and 18 % two-family houses, i. e. 17 million dwellings  Most multifamily houses with central heating systems for several buildings  Differences in the building stock between old and new federal states  Most common energy source for heating: natural gas  In the new federal states, district heating and coal fired systems also common, whereas in the old federal states oil is used to a great extend  In 2003, 92 billion € invested in refurbishment, while 52 billion € invested in new constructions; certain share of MFH with beneficial heating system  60 % of the building stock is privately owned in the old federal states, whereas the majority in the new federal states is conducted by cooperatives, communities or municipal housing companies (almost 70 %) National hotel sector  Capacity of more than 2.5 million beds in 53,771 accommodation facilities in 2003  Most overnight stays in summer, which is advantageous for the adoption of solar thermal energy  In 2004, 549 newly constructed and 1,156 refurbished hotels  Concerning the ownership structure, there is a trend towards expansion of hotel chains (38 % in 2000)  Short payback times and image reasons for CSTS

21. 21 5. Germany (2) Heating systems of German residential buildings Source: destatis 2005 Germany Western StatesEastern States Natural gas43,3%44,7%37,1% Oil34,0%38,5%14,4% District heating13,1%8,8%31,8% Electricity4,6%5,2%2,0% Coal, Lignite3,1%1,4%14,1% Renewable energy1,1%1,2%0,6%

22. 22 5. Germany (3) National CSTS market development  750,000 m² of glazed collector surface installed in 2004, thereof about 5 % CSTS  In total, an estimated collector area of 60,000 to 75,000 m² is installed in the multifamily building sector National legislative and economic framework  Interest rates for real estate investment around 3.5 %; reduced interest rates granted by the Reconstruction Loan Cooperation (KfW)  Shorter pay back times for refurbishment in the hotel sector (< 5 years) than in the housing sector  Tendency towards lower equity and/or liquidity in the housing sector  Heating costs are paid by the tenants; investments in energy refurbishment can be refinanced by a rent increase  Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV, 2002) limits the energy supply of buildings  Regulations of the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) will be integrated into EnEV by the end of 2005 National energy policy  Goal: doubling the cumulative installed collector area to 10 million m² by 2010  Promotion initiative “Solar Thermal Energy for Multifamily Buildings” since 2002  Subsidy programs Solarthermie 2000+ and market incentive program (Marktanreizprogramm)  Numerous initiatives and subsidy programs on national, regional and local level  Soft loans by the Reconstruction Loan Cooperation (KfW) of up to the total of investment costs for building reconstruction

23. 23 6. Netherlands (1) National multi family housing sector  National building stock of 6.8 million houses, thereof two million (30 %) multifamily dwellings in about 70,000 buildings  3.4 million houses built after 1970  63 % of the multifamily dwellings owned by housing associations, 27 % privately owned and 10 % privately rented  Non profit housing associations own 35 % of all dwellings  10 % of the social and privately rented houses with collective heating installations; hot water is also provided individually in most cases (84 %)  For space heating, gas is used in 97 % of the houses  For water heating, natural gas is mostly used (79 %); also electricity (11 %) and collective systems (10 %)  Yearly refurbishing rate amounts to 6.7 %, whereas new construction rate is only about 0.8 % National hotel sector  In 2003, about 90,850 accommodations in 2,900 hotels existing  Occupancy rate amounts to 63.2 %  Central gas-fired boilers are common for heating and hot water supply  Refurbishing rate of hot water systems in 2004 amounts to 6.7 %  Privately owned: 80 % of the hotels small enterprises, 20 % large hotel chains  Payback times for investments in energy savings are short (3-5 years) which is unfavourable  CSTS opportunities more on image than on economic aspects

24. 24 6. Netherlands (2) Energy sources for water heating Source: De Kwaliteit van de Nederlandse woning en woonomgeving rond de millenniumwisseling – Basisrapportage Kwalitatieve Woonregistratie 2000 (VROM) Hot water demand per occupied bed (litres/day at 60º C) Room with washbasin6 ± 1 Room with washbasin and shower 21 ± 3 Room with washbasin, shower and bath 54 ± 8 Laundry18 ± 9 Hot water demand for hotel facilities Ssource: ISSO Publicatie 59 Grote zonneboilers – ontwerp, uitvoering en beheer, 2000

25. 25 6. Netherlands (3) National CSTS market development  Stabilised market volume (stagnating) due to the abolition of the national subsidy scheme in 2003; only tax reduction for companies + local subsidy schemes remaining  Objective of 400,000 solar water heaters by 2010 unlikely to be reached  36,000 m² CSTS installed by 2002; >5,000 m² CSTS newly installed in 2004  CSTS market growth is 13 % in 2004  Due to the small size of the market no continuing market development National legislative and economic framework  Low interest rates granted for non-profit housing associations, investing in real estate, with payback times of 10-15 years  For commercial investors, payback times amount to 3-5 years  Heating costs sometimes included in service costs, but generally paid by tenants  No mechanism to shift the investment costs to the tenants without their written permission; however, exception for new rent contracts National energy policy  National goal of 400,000 solar water heaters by 2010 doubtful due to abandoned national subsidy program (see above)  Still existing: Fiscal stimuli, e. g. Energy Investment Allowance (EIA) and Green Investment tax deduction  Since 2005, subsidy program for dissemination activities and feasibility studies  Several responsibilities shifted from national to local governments

26. 26 7. Cyprus (1) National multi family housing sector  National building stock of about 300,000 dwellings (2003) mainly consists of single houses and apartment blocks  MFH with 6 to 8 apartments are currently very much increasing  Space heating usually done with large diesel fired boiler units; hot water supply is managed by thermosiphon solar water heaters; each dwelling has its own system  Yearly refurbishing rate between 7 and 9 %  80 % condominium ownership of the total housing stock; the rest of 20 % consists of Government low-cost housing schemes and self-help housing schemes National hotel sector  Around 100,000 beds capacity located in around 1,000 hotels, hotel apartments, apartment blocks and tourist villages; falling rate of occupancy from 75 % in 2001 to 55 % in 2004  50 % of hotels are utilising large solar water heating systems with diesel fire boilers for support during winter  Forced circulation systems are used with large array of flat plate collectors (300m²) and central hot water storage tank  Central heating systems like HVAC most commonly used for space heating  Refurbishing rate about 1,000 to 1,500 hotels per year  Until 1990, 100 % were family businesses, nowadays chain of hotels run by large companies are taking over the business more and more (40 % of capacity until today)

27. 27 7. Cyprus (2) Energy sources used in households in 2003 Source: Cyprus Solar Thermal Market 2003, Cyprus Institute of Energy Energy sources used in hotels in 2003 Source: Cyprus Institute of Energy, 2003

28. 28 7. Cyprus (3) National CSTS market development  With 450,000 m² glazed collectors word leader in respect to installed solar collectors per capita  45,000 m² CSTS already installed (by 2005); yearly market growth from 10-15 %  National production capacities of about 30,000 m²/year National legislative and economic framework  High energy prices  Interest rates from 4.25 % for short term up to 4.75 % for long term loans; expected pay back time for refurbishments is 10 years  Heating costs are paid by tenants; no mechanisms used to shift the investment costs from the investor/owner to the users/tenants National energy policy  Action plan towards sustainable energy for Cyprus is also focussing on utilisation of solar thermal energy for further application like space heating and space cooling  A grant scheme covers investments in Solar thermal based on mature technologies up to 40 % of the investment maximum not exceeding 83,000 euros  The Cyprus Institute of Energy runs the programme; beneficiaries are schools, municipalities and communities

29. 29 7. France (1) National multi family housing sector  Total housing stock of 29.4 million units in 2002  10.6 million dwellings, i. e. 43.3 %, are multifamily houses  13.7 million houses (56 %) are privately owned, thereof 2.6 million MFH  17.3 % are tenants in the social sector and 20.7 % in the private sector  Most dwellings (35 %) built between 1949 and 1974 and before 1948 (31.2 %)  Decentralized heating systems are common  Energy source in most cases: gas and electricity; trend towards individual gas heating systems  In 2004, more than 133,000 MFH houses newly constructed  45 % social housing ownership National hotel sector  National building stock of 27,629 hotels in 2005  In most cases (50 %) privately/family owned (independent hotels), 18 % commercial ownership (voluntary/integrated chains)  Mostly decentralized heating systems  In economic class hotels mostly electric heating systems, in upper class hotels different energy sources are used

30. 30 8. France (2) Fraction of heating systems in MFH Source: - Heating systems in MFH > 19 Apartments District heating 20,0% Gas central heating 21,0% Electric Centraleheating 1,3% No Central heating 34,9% Coal / Wood heating 0,1% Fuel central heating 22,7% Heating types in MFH referring to year of construction 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Vor 19151915 - 1948 1949 - 1967 1968 - 1974 1975 - 1981 1982 - 1989 ab 1990 District heating GasFuelElectric and cabbage and wood No Central heating Fraction of heating types in MFH, referring to year of construction Source: -

31. 31 8. France (3) National CSTS market development  In the past, some public owners very active in CSTS, especially in social housing  In 2004, about 7,768 m² of CSTS installed, i. e. market share of 7.8 %  For 2005, estimation of 15,000 m² of CSTS installed, i. e. 20 % of the market share  Objective by the end of 2006: 15,000 m² of CSTS installed yearly National legislative and economic framework  Reallocation of the investment costs from the owner to the tenants is impossible  SRU Law with reference to decent housing (bonus on the utilisation of renewable energies)  Girardin Law for overseas departments, containing tax credits dispositions for investments in renewable energy  New thermal regulation 2005 to come into force by 2006, with stricter requirements on energetic performance in new buildings (for hot water production) National energy policy  Objective: one million m² installed per year by 2010, i. e. at least 200,000 m² yearly for CSTS  Plan Soleil, continuing until the end of 2006, has been revised in 2004  Promotion measures by ADEME as well as financial supports, i. e. subsidies renegotiated each year  Support only granted when successive steps are followed (feasibility studies, certificated collectors, realisation)

32. 32 3. Summary and overview – Comparison between countries

33. 33 Summary – Assessment criteria Assessment criteria = assess the effects of the present market conditions and framework on the implementation of CSTS in each national housing and hotel sector +++ =optimal conditions for CSTS implementation ++=advantageous conditions +=rather advantageous 0=without influence -=rather disadvantageous --=disadvantageous ---=implementation almost impossible

34. 34 Summary – Comparison between SOLARGE countries (1) CSTS in the MFH sectorCSTS in the hotel sector DENMARK0-- NETHERLANDS+0 GERMANY++ FRANCE++ SPAIN+++ ITALY++ SLOVENIA0+ CYPRUS+++ Legend: +++ = optimal conditions, ++ = advantageous, + = rather advantageous, 0 = without influence, - = rather disadvantageous, -- = very disadvantageous, --- = almost impossible

35. 35 Summary – Comparison between SOLARGE countries (2) National energy policy for CSTS National economic framework for CSTS National legislative framework for CSTS DENMARK---0+ NETHERLANDS00+ GERMANY+++ FRANCE+++ SPAIN++-+ ITALY++++ SLOVENIA+0- CYPRUS+++0 Legend: +++ = optimal framework, ++ = advantageous, + = rather advantageous, 0 = without influence, - = rather disadvantageous, -- = very disadvantageous, --- = almost impossible

36. 36 4. Conclusions for SOLARGE activities in 2006

37. 37 1. SOLARGE Spain Conclusion housing sector  Interesting market segment for SOLARGE: new housing sector of multi family houses  Most important market segment for SOLARGE is the condominium ownership of apartments Conclusion hotel sector  Due to significant energy costs: hot water production as promising market segment for SOLARGE  Low production rate of new hotels calls for focusing on existing hotels Conclusion CSTS market  Market is slowly becoming mature and professional  Need/potential for large systems remains, due to high market share of apartment buildings  Necessity to find adequate solutions for decentralized systems  Technological development must be improved, including minimum requirements, optimal (building) integration etc. Conclusion legislative and economic framework  Low energy prices are not a main aspect for the market development  New building code (CTE) will have a major effect on the market, especially in the new building sector  Main challenge/success factor will be to facilitate the implementation of the CTE Conclusion energy policy  The combination of CTE, PER 2005 as well as subsidies and credit lines will create a sound basis for the market development  Key actors on the implementation of the CTE are public bodies on national, regional and local level

38. 38 2. SOLARGE Denmark Conclusion housing sector  More CSTS to be installed at the district heating plant  District heating, though, will not be possible for new buildings  For the few buildings with oil and gas solar will be an issue  Wide-spread use of central hot water is essential for CSTS at building level Conclusion hotel sector  Only a small share of the building stock interesting for CSTS due to common district heating  Long pay back period of investments causes reluctance; adequate incentives needed  Solar is attractive due to central heating systems and hot water production  Important focus: Horesta, the Danish association for hotels and restaurants Conclusion CSTS market  Sector of large scale plants for district heating of interest for SOLARGE  Also in focus: new construction sector, based on buildings energy performance regulations  Knowledge/capacity of the manufacturers available for a larger market Conclusion legislative and economic framework  Relatively high energy prices due to heavy taxation motivate to invest in CSTS Conclusion energy policy  No incentives at hand in order to promote CSTS, although high fuel prices result in a growing market  Promotion by SOLARGE: demonstration of CSTS advantages in comparison to other energy sources

39. 39 3. SOLARGE Italy Conclusion housing sector  Large share of dwellings situated in MFH with high refurbishment rate  However, mostly autonomous heating systems and privately owned flats  Installation of CSTS hindered by technical and decisional problems  Target group: housing associations and building companies Conclusion hotel sector  Hotels in the south more and more interested in solar thermal plants  High technical potential for solar thermal  However, moderate development due to subsidized energy prices by hotel owners, assuming short payback times for investments Conclusion CSTS market  Supply side not very sufficiently established to satisfy a broader demand  Bottleneck: missing knowledge of installers  Crucial aspect for SOLARGE: cooperation with all actors of supply side Conclusion legislative and economic framework  High energy prices as important precondition for cost-effective CSTS  Despite new economic and legislative schemes underway, investors not convinced yet  Necessity to establish complete service packages and collateral measures, while collaborating with investors (e. g. building enterprises) Conclusion energy policy  Despite incentive systems, the goal of 3 million m² installed collector area will not be reached by 2010  Long term R&D program for CSTS would be crucial to develop appropriate technology and to build up confidence

40. 40 4. SOLARGE Germany Conclusion housing sector  Intended CSTS integration is based on about three million multifamily houses, thereof 80 % with a technical beneficial system, and a high potential for energetic optimization  Ownership associations are a relevant target group for SOLARGE activities  Solar activities should be a part of marketing strategy, especially for demand dominated market relations Conclusion hotel sector  Hotel chains are a relevant target group for SOLARGE, although the financial scope for additional (e. g. solar) activities is relatively low  Integration of solar solutions into the marketing strategy (e.g. Wellness-Hotels, Eco-Tourism) could be realised Conclusion CSTS market  Market sector for CSTS still little developed, although actors show an increasing interest for its improvement Conclusion legislative and economic framework  Due to high energy prices and price increases the framework is advantageous for CSTS  Integration of solar activities also to be simplified by the obligation of an energy efficiency label for residential buildings Conclusion energy policy  Different subsidies for CSTS investments are available  Subsidies might arouse positive effects for CSTS

41. 41 5. SOLARGE Netherlands Conclusion housing sector  Most important stakeholders for SOLARGE are housing associations  Promotion to be embedded in refurbishment approaches (e. g. comfort, health)  Attention for energy savings will grow, due to fast growing energy prices Conclusion hotel sector  Few hotel chains, owning 20 % of all hotels, allow focused dissemination efforts  Payback times, though, usually amount to 3-5 years  Interest in solar thermal may grow due to environmental image reasons  Potential also for campsites (34 % of the hotel sector) Conclusion CSTS market  Ups and downs in the market can be explained by few large installations and by changing government policies  Currently, no specific active support programs for CSTS  Solar thermal tap water heating is a predominant technology Conclusion legislative and economic framework  Favourable capital market terms for social housing  From 2006 on, strengthened building regulations to stimulate new construction, and EPBD to stimulate the market for solar refurbishment  Important stimulus could be the full incorporation of energy quality in rent prices Conclusion energy policy  Solar thermal not favoured very well, in contrast to wind and biomass energy  Institutional focus to be targeted to the ministries of housing (VROM) and of economic affairs (EZ)

42. 42 6. SOLARGE Slovenia Conclusion housing sector  Less than half of the building stock are multifamily houses  Relatively old houses, in most cases privately owned (thus, lack of expertise)  Potential of solar thermal due to high energy consumption and individual heating systems (66 %)  Initiatives to combining biomass and solar water heating  Increasing renovation activities during the last decade  Target group for SOLARGE are designers and building managers  Solar energy not ambitiously included in the national energy supply plan Conclusion hotel sector  Predicted investment of almost 100 million € in refurbishment and 150 million € in new construction by 2010: advantageous indicator for CSTS  Target group for SOLARGE: mainly hotel chains Conclusion CSTS market  Relatively unorganised domestic industry as starting point for SOLARGE  Subsidy schemes with larger effects on individual investors  Environmental reputation and good practise examples as important aspects Conclusion legislative and economic framework  Future situation for CSTS will improve, due to rising energy prices  SOLARGE is to enhance demand in multifamily buildings, hotels etc. Conclusion energy policy  Favourable current national subsidy scheme  Goal should be a long term subsidy scheme, with annual decrease of support  Target groups for SOLARGE are the national institutions

43. 43 7. SOLARGE Cyprus Conclusion housing sector  Ministry departments are target group for SOLARGE WP 3 activities  Focus should be on utilizing solar energy also for space heating and on further system development (forced circulation, open or closed loop solar systems) Conclusion hotel sector  The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism is under consultation with the other associations in order to introduce new measures / policies for improving the quality of tourist services => potential for SOLARGE? Conclusion CSTS market  Local industry existing; potential for international co-operation introducing other applications Conclusion legislative and economic framework  Due to high energy prices it is the right time to introduce more CSTS  Currently no legal dependence between the rent and the energy efficiency of a flat Conclusion energy policy  Due to the implementation of the action plan many hotels will be renovated in the next few years for the quality improvement of the hotel sector services; this will give the opportunity to replace the old solar thermal systems by new efficient systems  Current grant scheme gives the opportunity to introduce new CSTS applications to schools and municipalities

44. 44 8. SOLARGE France Conclusion housing sector  Potential for CSTS especially in social housing sector Conclusion hotel sector  (Integrated) hotel chains could be an interesting target group (multipliers) Conclusion CSTS market  Development still strongly linked to public authorities’ actions  Still relatively low degree of organization and lobbying regarding manufacturers and other actors Conclusion legislative and economic framework  Evolutions of regulations are designed in connection with the new law of 2005 and the objectives for the market share of solar thermal Conclusion energy policy  Continuous actions, framework and support scheme with increasing communication measures  Relevant target groups are local authorities (regional councils)