1. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE Marc FLORETTE Jeudi 29 mai 2008 The advantage of mCHP as a high efficiency gas solution for the residential market Gas industry micro CHP workshop 2008 May 29-30 th, 2008

2. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 2 - Natural Gas is “under pressure” : The requirement for thermal energy in the residential market is decreasing French target in new buildings: 50kWh/m²/an (2012); energy positive building (2020) The image of natural gas is declining Fossil energy with associated CO 2 emissions vs. renewable energy sources with very low or no emissions The condensing boiler is saturating the market in some countries (e.g. The Netherlands). New advanced gas equipment is needed Distribution of electrical heat pumps in dwellings is increasing The competition between energy forms (Electricity, Renewable,…) and players (incumbents & new entrants) has intensified in Europe Natural Gas in Europe – a new era

3. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 3 - Gas utilities need to keep gas in the home! Gas sales in the residential market will enforce the viability of the gas infrastructure Need to elevate the interest in natural gas to maintain sales and / or increase the number of customers Need to position natural gas as a modern product through innovation (e.g. mCHP, Gas Heat Pump, NGVs, coupling with renewable energy sources) Need to raise customer loyalty by offering new products and services especially during market liberalisation in Europe

4. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 4 - 5 mCHP technologies are under development mCHP definition: Technology which produces both Heat and Power from a unique energy source (natural gas, propane, biomass…) with power range of 1kWe to 50kWe. 5 technologies are competing for viability:

5. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 5 - 2 key types of mCHP are available in Europe 5kW Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Product: 5kW ICE coupled with a gas boiler Market: Multi-family homes, Small & Medium enterprises Manufacturers: Senertec, Vaillant… Number of units installed in Europe: 20 000 Price: ~15 000€ Marketed since the end of the 90’s 1kW Stirling Engine Product: 1kW Stirling with a condensing boiler Market: individual dwellings Manufacturers: Remeha, Baxi, MTS, Whispergen… Number of units installed in Europe: 2000 Price: ~5000 € Market launch in 2009 in Europe Outside Europe…

6. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 6 - mCHP in France Why does Gas de France focus on 1kW mCHP ? The French market condition is not so attractive for 5kW- mCHP Low profitability  High investment costs : boiler+ mCHP  French electricity export prices are relatively low Low CO 2 emissions reduction  Base operating mode But, 1kW Stirling is of great interest : Integrated with a gas boiler Adequately covers most of a house power demand Import/Export prices make auto-consumption profitable Minor additional investment compared to larger mCHP system Reduces C0 2 emissions at peak load power generation (base load is by nuclear power plants)

7. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 7 - Benefits of mCHP Energy and Environmental performances are attractive Savings up to 15% of primary energy CO 2 reduction up to 25%/ reference gas solution => Answers to environmental concerns and thermal regulation enforcement Money saving Reduction of the customer’s energy bill Market pull approach Decentralized energy => controls energy consumption, “the customer becomes a producer” Benefits for the grid: Reduction of grid losses (up to 7%)

8. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 8 - Reduces high CO2 emissions during winter due to electrical heating Based on the marginal allocation approach, the CO2 content of electric heating consumption goes up to 600 gCO2/kWh  Study leads by French transport system operator RTE in collaboration with French national energy agency ADEME and published in 2007.  Results confirmed by Gaz de France studies. 1kW mCHP produces electricity at the same time as electricity is consumed for heating (winter season) and then replaces fossil fuel fired power plants (Coal, Oil, Gas) 1 ton of CO2 savings/year compared to a customer equipped with a condensing boiler and electricity supplied by the grid. It represents 20- 30% CO2 savings. Same CO2 savings compared to an electrical heat pump (COP=2.5) CO2 benefits of 1kW mCHP in France Even in France, where nuclear is widely utilized, 1kW mCHP reduces national CO2 emissions.

9. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 9 - CO2 benefits and energy savings CO2 emissions benefits Primary energy savings 25% CO2 savings/year compared to a condensing boiler (eff.: 95%) or an electrical heat pump (COP=2.5) 15% primary energy savings/year compared with a condensing boiler (eff.: 95%) or an electrical heat pump (COP=2.5)

10. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 10 - Barriers to launching a 1kW mCHP product

11. DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE 29 mai 2008 - 11 - Thank you for your attention