2. Genetic Engineering Chapter 13

3. Selective breeding Allowing Allowing animals with certain traits to breed to produce a desired offspring. Examples: Examples:

4. Luther Burbank (1849-1926) American American botanist who developed the disease resistant Burbank potato Used Used process of hybridization hybridization : crossing dissimilar organisms to get best of both qualities.

5. Inbreeding The The controlled breeding of closely related organisms. Positive Positive effects: controlled traits and characteristics. Pure bred dogs Negative Negative effects: excessive inbreeding can produce unwanted effects because of lack of variation. Blindness in German shepherds

6. Increasing variation Use Use radiation or chemicals Can Can produce new strains of bacteria and new plants.

7. Polyploidy Having a multiple of the normal chromosome number. Example: regular chromosome number is 9. Polyploidy condition could be 18, 27, 36, etc.

8. DNA manipulation 1. C utting DNA 2. C opying DNA 3. C hanging DNA

9. DNA Extraction Where Where is the DNA located in a cell? -the -the nucleus First First must break apart the cell membrane and nucleus to get at the DNA

10. Cutting DNA Usually use a restriction enzyme : a chemical used to cut out a specific segment of DNA.

11. Gel Electrophoresis Placing a mixture of DNA into a gel and applying an electric current. DNA is then separated according to size.

12. Reading the DNA Using a computer, fluorescent dyes, and samples of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Using a computer, fluorescent dyes, and samples of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

13. Cutting and Pasting Use DNA synthesizers to make recombinant DNA (DNA from two different organisms spliced together)

14. Making copies PCR polymerase. Used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA or gene. Developed by Kary Mullis

15. Transformation When a cell (usually a bacterium) takes in DNA from outside the cell. Example: Griffith’s rats

16. Plasmids Asmall circular molecule of DNA 1. It 1. It often has a DNA sequence that serves as an origin of replication. 2. Contain 2. Contain genetic markers.

17. Transgenic organisms When When an organism contains genes from other organisms. Example: Example:  A  A tobacco plant that containd DNA from a firefly.

18. Biotechnology A“new” field of biology that utilizes genetic engineering to produce new substances in the fields of health and industry.

19. Transgenic animals Livestock can grow faster, better quality of meat, resistant to disease. Cows that produce human proteins in their milk.

20. Transgenic plants Usually Usually cash crops such as cotton, corn, wheat, soybeans, etc. Often Often incorporates bacterial DNA to make the crop resistant to disease, pests, or chemicals. Ex: Ex: Bt Bt corn

21. Cloning Clone: Clone: a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. 1997: 1997: first mammal cloned. Dolly, the sheep.

22. How do you make a clone?

23. Is cloning a good thing or a bad thing? Cloning articles Cloning articles Cloning articles Cloning articles

24. Assignment: Page 337-338 Page 337-338 1-10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23, 32 1-10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23, 32