1. The Pennsylvania State University

2.  Positioning Statement  What we want to do and how we’re going to to it  Needs Analysis  What we think our country needs  Design Process › From concepts to the final design  Cost Analysis  Conclusion  Questions

3. Gregory Borza Undeclared Class of 2014 Andrew Reiff Undeclared Class of 2014 Michael Babyk B.S. in Chemistry Graduate Work Electrical Engr. Richard Zang Undeclared Class of 2014

4.  “The Challenge” › The main problem that us and the other Engineering Design 100 teams faced was that third-world countries such as Ethiopia really like using their cellular phones, but there is a small to nonexistent power grid. We were charged by GE to find a way to create a telecom base station that is powered by a clean and/or renewable energy source, and that uses GE’s newly produced Durathon battery.

5.  Adaptive Energy Management System (AEMS) › For the citizens of Gondar, Ethiopia, the AEMS is an efficient energy system that can be used to power a telecom base station. › Unlike a typical base station power system, the AEMS can run on renewable solar energy. › Our goal was to design a power system that was not only sustainable, but could adapt to changing conditions to get the most efficiency. Estimated Initial Costs - $153,275

6. ComponentWk 1Wk 2Wk 3Wk 4Wk 5Wk 6Wk 7Wk 8Wk 9 Initial Thoughts Area Choice Brainstorming Initial Designs Specifics Final Design Web Page Presentation This timeline shows what we’ve been doing on our project, and when we’ve done something.

7. Gondar, Ethiopia Source: http://www.geographicguide.com/pictures/maps/ethiopia-map.gif

8.  As a country, Ethiopia has the second- least developed cellular phone market in Africa. › In Ethiopia, there are approximately 2.2 million users of cellular phones, as of 2008.  So, there’s a lot of room for growth.  Location, location location. › Gondar is located in an area with frequent windy days and frequent sunny days.  Perfect for renewable energy!

9.  There are so many options for renewable energy usage in the city of Gondar, Ethiopia.  We did some research, and narrowed our options down to five.

10. Solar panels capture the energy from the sun to be able to use in another form. The panels are rather expensive to produce, but once assembled are rather cheap to maintain. The solar intensity for a region like Gondar, Ethiopia is rather high, so the power output should be adequate.

11. Wind turbines utilize wind currents to spin a windmill and generate electricity. These turbines are pretty expensive to buy, but they do not require much maintenance once built. The average wind speed in Gondar, Ethiopia is fairly high which makes wind power a strong candidate.

12. A diesel generator uses fuel to create power. A generator to supply the energy needed would be very cheap to buy. The big downsides are the maintenance a generator would need and the cost and burden of continuously needing to add more fuel.

13. Geothermal uses the heat from inside the earth to create steam from water. This steam is then utilized to spin turbines and produce electricity. This is an effective way to create energy but since we only need 1.2 kW, a geothermal system will most likely be too expensive.

14. Since neither a wind turbine nor solar panels could supply enough power to run the tower on their own, a combination of the two could prove effective. The cost of such a system though would be extremely high.

15. Criteria of Selection [A] Solar Panels [B] Wind Turbine [C] Diesel Generator [D] Solar Wind [E] Geo- thermal Initial Cost Maintenance Proximity Yearly Cost Dependability -+0+--+0+- -+0+--+0+- 0000000000 -+0+--+0+- -+-+--+-+- Total 0’s Total +’s Total -’s 122122 122122 500500 122122 023023 Total Ranks Decision 0 1 Combine 0 1 Combine 0 1 Yes 0 1 No 2 No Reference

16. Criteria of Selection [A] Solar Panels [B] Wind Turbine [C] Diesel Generator [D] Solar Wind [E] Geo- thermal Initial Cost Maintenance Proximity Yearly Cost Dependability -+0+--+0+- -+0+--+0+- 0000000000 -+0+--+0+- -+-+--+-+- Total 0’s Total +’s Total -’s 122122 122122 500500 122122 023023 Total Ranks Decision 0 1 Combine 0 1 Combine 0 1 Yes 0 1 No 2 No After some initial scoring, we decide to not use geothermal or the combination of solar and wind. Both would be too expensive making them unrealistic compared to the other choices. Since neither solar or wind would be able to supply sufficient energy all the time, we decided to combine each with a generator that would run only when needed.

17. Selection CriteriaWeightRatingScoreRatingScoreRatingScore Initial Cost 15% 2.33.455.75 Maintenance 20% 4.84.82.4 Proximity 15% 5.754.65.75 Yearly Cost 30% 51.53.91.3 Dependability 20% 3.62.451 Total Score3.953.153.2 RankingFirstThirdSecond DecisionDevelopNo Solar/DieselWind/DieselDiesel Only

18. Selection Criteria WeightRatingScoreRatingScoreRatingScore Initial Cost 15% 2.33.455.75 Maintenance 20% 4.84.82.4 Proximity 15% 5.754.65.75 Yearly Cost 30% 51.53.91.3 Dependability 20% 3.62.451 Total Score3.953.153.2 RankingFirstThirdSecond DecisionDevelopNo Our team has selected the combination of solar power with a diesel generator. For a small scale project that needs only 1.2 kW, solar power is the best option. It may be a little more expensive than wind power, but it is much more dependable. Comparisons of wind and solar energy confirmed for us that solar power with a back up diesel generator, for times when there is no sun for days, is the best source of energy for this system.

19.  A daptive E nergy M anagement S ystem › The AEMS uses three different sources of energy to power the telecom station. › The AEMS is adaptive – it is able to switch between power sources as the climate or time of day dictate. › The AEMS can switch between a total of three power modes.

20. Fuel Solar Energy Charge Controller Generator Durathon Battery DC Load DC/AC Inverter AC Load E Solar E Charge E discharge E Generator E Charge Controller E DC E Inverter E AC This mode is engaged when there is little to no solar energy available, such as during the night hours or during a storm. Base Telecom Station HVAC Lighting

21. Fuel Solar Energy Charge Controller Generator Durathon Battery DC Load DC/AC Inverter AC Load E Solar E Charge E discharge E Generator E Charge Controller E DC E Inverter E AC This mode is engaged the least of the time, because it is essentially a “transitional” mode. Base Telecom Station HVAC Lighting

22. Fuel Solar Energy Charge Controller Generator Durathon Battery DC Load DC/AC Inverter AC Load E Solar E Charge E discharge E Generator E Charge Controller E DC E Inverter E AC This mode is engaged when too much energy is being delivered to the AC and DC loads. It charges the batteries with the excess energy. When the batteries are full, energy is dumped to assist Gondar’s already weak grid. This is the ideal mode for our system. Base Telecom Station HVAC Lighting

23. Charging Discharging AM Mode 2 Mode 3

24. The AEMS powers a tall monopole tower. The generator, battery, and wall air conditioning unit are inside the hut. You can’t see the generator that sticks out because of the angle of the image. Gondar, Ethiopia’s latitude is 12.6 degrees. Therefore, the solar panels are angled at 12.6 degrees from the horizontal, and they face north.

25. Initial CostsLife ExpectancyExpected Revenue Diesel Generator30010K-15K hours0 Durathon Battery60015 years0 Solar Panels21,00020-30 years0 Diesel Fuel275N/A0 Tower & Components150,00010-25 years96,000 yearly TOTALS172,175VARIES96,000/year Salvage ValueMaint. Costs Diesel Generator50125/year Durathon Battery2000 Solar Panels10,000100/year Diesel Fuel0175/year Tower & Components55,0004,100/year TOTALS65,2504,500/year ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)

26. Initial CostsLife ExpectancyExpected Revenue Diesel Generator30010K-15K hours0 Durathon Battery60015 years0 Solar Panels21,00020-30 years0 Diesel Fuel275N/A0 Tower & Components150,00010-25 years96,000 yearly TOTALS172,175VARIES96,000/year ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)

27. Initial CostsLife ExpectancyExpected Revenue Diesel Generator30010K-15K hours0 Durathon Battery60015 years0 Solar Panels21,00020-30 years0 Diesel Fuel275N/A0 Tower & Components150,00010-25 years96,000 yearly TOTALS172,175VARIES96,000/year The cost of diesel fuel is considering an average price of about $3.20 per gallon over a year. In the fuel’s case, we are considering the initial cost to be the first year’s cost, consuming an average of 86 gallons per year. The life expectancy varies depending on the specific part. Our revenue is considering that four cellular phone companies are given use of our telecom tower for the price of $24,000 per year per company. ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)

28. Salvage ValueMaint. Costs Diesel Generator50125/year Durathon Battery2000 Solar Panels10,000100/year Diesel Fuel0175/year Tower & Components55,0004,100/year TOTALS65,2504,500/year ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)

29. Initial CostsExpected RevenueMaint. Costs Diesel Generator3000125/year Durathon Battery60000 Solar Panels21,0000100/year Diesel Fuel2750175/year Tower & Components150,00096,000 yearly4,100/year TOTALS172,17596,000/year4,500/year ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)

30. Initial CostsExpected RevenueMaint. Costs Diesel Generator3000125/year Durathon Battery60000 Solar Panels21,0000100/year Diesel Fuel2750175/year Tower & Components150,00096,000 yearly4,100/year TOTALS172,17596,000/year4,500/year Initial Profit- $172,175 Profit after Year One- $ 61,650 Profit after Year Two $ 29,975 Profit after Year Three $121,600 Profit after Year Four $213,225 Average Yearly Profit $ 91,625 ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)

31. Be patient, this could get boring… Calculations are assumed based on the first-year cost of $172175, which is the initial cost, cost for fuel, and maintenance cost. Calculations are assumed using an MARR of.13. So, our average worth is 68155.7, and our net present value is $478,776.86.

32. $96,000/year $4,500/year $63,350 $172,175 020 Once again… Calculations are assumed based on the first- year cost of $172175. Calculations are assumed using an MARR of.13.

33.  The AEMS is an efficient, renewable way to power a telecom base station in the country of Ethiopia. › Using a mix of a diesel generator, a solar panel array, and GE’s Durathon battery, the AEMS adaptively adjusts energy flow modes depending on the situation.  The AEMS can become profitable in as little as two years of operation. Receive

34.  There are too many sources to list on one – or even two – slides!  Our sources in MLA format can be found on this web page: › http://www.personal.psu.edu/rfz5006/Works %20Cited.html http://www.personal.psu.edu/rfz5006/Works %20Cited.html › This web page is the central hub for our project.