1. Chapter 6 Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins (1799-1815)

2. Early Life Born in Corsica, Mediterranean island, family not wealthy
Sent to France at 9 & trained for military
Ambitious, 20 a lieutenant at start of Revolution
Rose quickly in army
1793 drove British out of Toulon
Victorious over Austrians but in 1798, led an expedition to Egypt which was disasters

3. Rise to Power 1799 became political leader Overthrew Directory
Set up consulate
Took title of First Counsul
1804 assumed title of Emperor of the French
Each step Napoleon held plebiscite (allowing voters to ballot)

4. Napoleon Reforms Restore economic prosperity Controlled prices
Encouraged new industry
Built roads & canals
Set up public schools to train officials & military officers

5. More Reforms Made peace with Catholic Church in Concordat of 1801
Placed Church under State control
Support from all classes
Let nobles return if took loyalty oath
Let peasants have land they bought from Catholic Church

6. Napoleonic Code – New Code of Law
Equality of citizens before law
(except for women, lost most of rights)
Religious toleration
Advancement based on merit

7. Napoleon's Military Strategy
Napoleon built an Empire in Europe
Success on battlefield
Rapid troop movement for more effective use of large armies
New plan for each battle, kept enemies confused
Grand French Empire

8. Napoleon's Conquests Annexed (added new areas) to France
Netherlands
Belgium
Parts of Italy & Germany
Abolished Holy Roman Empire, created & controlled Confederation of the Rhine
Cut Prussian territory in half
Controlled Europe through forced diplomacy – put friends & relatives on thrones

9. Thorn in Napoleon's Side
France could not control Britain
Britain used sea power (1805) Battle of Trafalgar where British admiral Horatio Nelson beat French fleet
Napoleon waged economic war through Continental System
Closed European ports to British goods
Britain blockaded (shut off ports to keep people & supplies from moving in or out) European ports
British navy kept trade routes open to America & India

10. Challenges Challenges that threatened Napoleon’s empire
Revolutionary ideas spread across Europe
Reforms
Napoleonic Code
Economic reforms

11. Resent of Napoleon
European nations resented Napoleon’s power & started revolts against France
Napoleon set up his brother as King of Spain
Napoleon tried to undermine the Catholic Church
Spanish resisted; French army treated Spanish badly
Spanish patriots
Used guerilla warfare (hit & run raids)
Kept French army fighting in Spain; could have been used elsewhere
British sent Duke of Wellington to help Spain

12. Russia
Czar Alexander I of Russia angry over French – Austrian “alliance”
Didn’t like Continental System & withdrew Russia
Concerned that French Empire now bordered Russia

13. 1812 Invasion of Russia
1812, 400,000 European soldiers invaded Russia, led by Napoleon
Russians retreated eastward burning crops & villages
“Scorched Earth Policy” left French troops cold & hungry
French had to retreat 1000 miles, lost 300,000 men
French LOST!

14. Napoleon’s Downfall
Russia united with Britain, Austria & Prussia, defeated French at Battle of Nations at Leipzig
1814, Napoleon abdicated (stepped down from power)
Exiled to Elba (Mediterranean Is.)
Louis XVIII became king of France
Economic depression brought Napoleon back to power for 100 days

15. Waterloo
British forces under Duke of Wellington & Prussian forces under General Bucher defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
Napoleon abdicated again & exiled to St. Helena, island in South Atlantic

16. Napoleon’s accomplishments
France- centralized state government with constitution & greater access to education
World- spread ideas of Revolution & nationalism
Did away with Holy Roman Empire, lead to formation of new Germany
Sold Louisiana Territory to America, doubling size of U.S.

17. Congress of Vienna Goals of Congress of Vienna
Met for 10 months in 1814 & 1815; host – Emperor Francis I of Austria but real work done by:
Prince Metternich – Austria
Czar Alexander I - Russia
Lord Castlereagh – Britain
Prince Talleyrand – France

18. Goal of Congress of Vienna
Chief goal – create lasting peace with balance of power & protect monarchs, contain France from further expansion
Metternich wanted status quo (the way things were) in 1792
Alexander I wanted holy alliance of Christian kings to stop revolution
Castlereagh wanted to keep French military down
Talleyrand played other leaders against each other

19. Europe’s Map Redrawn
To create a balance of power encircle France with strong nations, Vienna Congress redrew Europe’s map
Created Kingdom of Netherlands – Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland
Gave Prussia lands along Rhine River.
Gave Austria control of northern Italy

20. Legitimacy
Legitimacy - gave kings back power in Portugal, Spain & Italian states, that they had in 1792 & restored Louis XVIII to power in France
Quadruple Alliance – Austria, Prussia, Russia, & Great. Britain pledged to maintain balance of power & stop revolutions
RESULT - Failed to see future conflicts because of nationalism