1. Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins

2. Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Napoleon Bonaparte-born in Corsica (French-ruled island in the Mediterranean)
He favored the Jacobins and republican rule
Thought French Revolution confusing

3. Early Success
December 1793, drove British forces out of French port of Toulon
Captured most of northern Italy
Led expedition to Egypt in 1798 hoping to disrupt British trade with India
It was proved to be a disaster
1799, he moved from victorious general to political leader
Napoleon soon took the title First Consul
1802, had himself named consul for life

4. Self mad Emperor
Two years later, acquired enough power to assume title Emperor of France
Each step of rise to power, he held a plebiscite
plebiscite-ballot in which voters say yes or no

5. France Under Napoleon
Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening government
Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime
Restore economic prosperity
Controlled prices, encouraged new industry, and built roads and canals
Set up public schools
Made peace with Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801

6. Cont
Peasants relieved when he recognized their rights to lands they bought from the Church and nobles during Revolution
Middle class approved Napoleon’s economic reforms
Made jobs “open to all talent”

7. Napoleonic Code New law code called the Napoleonic Code.
It embodied Enlightenment principles
equality
religion toleration
advancement based on merit
Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights

8. Building an Empire
From , Napoleon faced down the combined European forces
By 1810, his Grand Empire reached its greatest extent
He annexed some areas to France, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany
annex- add outright

9. Cont. Napoleon controlled much of Europe through forceful diplomacy
One tactic was to put friends and relatives on the thrones of Europe
After unseating the king of Spain, he placed his brother Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne
Britain alone remained outside Napoleon’s European Empire
1805, Napoleon prepared to invade Britain
But at the Battle of Trafalgar, British Admiral Horatio Nelson smashed a French fleet.

10. Cont. Napoleon struck at Britains lifeblood, its commerce.
He waged economic warfare
Britain responded with blockade of European ports
blockade-Shutting off a port to stop supplies from entering or leaving
Both seized neutral ships suspected of trading with the other sider
British attacks on American Ships sparked anger in the U.S. and eventually triggered the War of 1812
In the end, Napoleon failed to bring Britain to its knees

11. Section 5 The End of an Era

12. Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Under Napoleon, French armies spread the ideas of the revoultion across Europe
The Napoleonic Code was also carried across Europe
Napoleon’s success, however, had seeds of defeat
Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of the revolution saw Napoleon and his armies as foreign opressors
From Rome to Madrid to the Netherlands, nationalism unleashed revolts against France

13. Cont. 1808, king of Spain replaced by brother, Joseph Bonaparte
Spanish patriots made campaign of guerrilla warfare against French
guerilla warfare-hit and run raids

14. Cont. Spanish resistance encouraged Austria hostilities against French
1805, Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon victorious against Austro-Russian army
1809, Napoleon won again at Wagram
Next year, divorced wife Josephine
Married Austrian princess Marie Louise
He and his heirs could claim kinship with the royalty of Europe

15. Cont. Alliance with other family disturbed Czar Alexander I of Russia
1812, 400,000 French and other soldiers invaded Russia
About 10,000 soldiers survived

16. Downfall of Napoleon
Disaster in Russia brought new alliances (Russia, Britain, and Austria) against weakened France
1813, they defeated Napoleon at the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
Next year, Napoleon abdicated
abdicated-stepped down
Exiled him to Elba
Louis XVIII king of France
Economic depression and fear of old regime helped rekindle loyalty to Napoleon

17. Cont. Escaped island and returned to France
Citizens cheered Napoleon’s advance, Louis XVIII fled
March 1815, entered Paris in triumph
Triumph lasted only 100 days
June 18,1815, British forces under Duke of Wellington and Prussian army crushed French in a long-day battle
He was exiled to St. Helena
Didn’t return
Died in 1821

18. Legacy of Napoleon Conquest spread ideas of the revolution
Failed to make Europe into a French Empire
Abolition of the Holy Roman Empire helped create a new Germany
1803, decision to sell France’s vast Louisiana Territory to American government doubled the size of U.S. and made an age of expansion

19. The Congress of Vienna
Diplomats and heads of state sat down at Congress of Vienna
Faced task of restoring stability and order in Europe
Congress met for 10 months
Main goal to create a lasting peace by making balance of power and protecting system of monarchy
Peacemaker redrew map of Europe

20. Cont.
To turn clock back to 1792, architects of peace made principle of legitimacy
principle of legitimacy- restoring hereditary monarchies that French Revolution or Napoleon unseated
Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain pledged to act together to maintain balance and power
The Congress created a framework for peace
Europe would not see a war on a Napoleonic scale until 1914