1. AWAST PROGRESS MEETING RENNES 28–30 NOV 2001 WP 5 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

2. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 1. EVALUATION OF BT (BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT) PLANTS Two levels:A. Global B. Composting process _________________________________________________ CASE STUDY : Tratolixo MSW (MT) mechanical treatment and (C) composting plant

3. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO TRATOLIXO PLANT: MSWMTCPT

4. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

7. A. GLOBAL LEVEL Procedure developed by Bernard Morvan (Cemagref) 7 STEPS

8. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 1. Quantification of flows Number of flows Number of flows Time scalei) Year, months Time scalei) Year, months ii) Day iii) Minutes, seconds Tratolixo: 9 out of 17 fluxes were quantified

9. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

10. 2. Sampling of flows Number of flows Number of flows Time scale: 1 day Time scale: 1 day Tratolixo: 11 out of 17 fluxes were sampled

11. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

12. 3. Drying and characterisation of the dry samples Modecom categories: 1. Biodegradable matter 9. Non classified combustibles 2. Paper 10. Glass 3. Cardboard 11. Iron metals 4. Complex materials 12. Other metals 5. Textiles 13. Non classified incombustibles 6. Sanitary textiles 14. Special waste 7. Films 15. Fraction < 8 mm 8. Other plastics

13. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO a) Drying b) Sieving at 100, 20 and 8 mm - a > 100 mm - 20 mm < b < 100 mm - 8 mm < c < 20 mm - d < 8 mm c) Sorting on Modecom categories for the fractions: a, b and c a, b and c d) Quantification of inert materials on the fraction d

14. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 4. Element quantification (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, etc) Data for the balances of the elements Data for the balances of the elements Each Modecom category Each Modecom category a) Grinding b) Analysis

15. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 5. Determination of the loss on ignition for Modecom categories and inert materials for fractions < 8 mm Data for the balances of organic matter Data for the balances of organic matter Each Modecom category Each Modecom category a) Grinding b) Analysis

16. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 6. Data reconciliation Data: a) Flow rates b) Composition of flows according to the Modecom categories and inerts for fractions < 8 mm c) Concentration of the analysed elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, etc) for each Modecom category d) Loss on ignition for Modecom categories along the composting process Software BILCO (BRGM developed)

17. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 7. Data treatment Calculation of the following balances: a) Each of the Modecom categories b) Fresh matter c) Non synthetic organic matter d) Dry matter e) Heavy metals

18. WET MATTER BALANCE - COEFFICIENTS LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

19. WET MATTER BALANCE - SUMMARY (values relative to total input of MSW) LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

20. ORGANIC NON SYNTHETIC MATTER BALANCE - COEFFICIENTS LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

21. NON SYNTHETIC ORGANIC MATTER BALANCE - SUMMARY LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

22. Process or equipment efficiency: a) Loss of non synthetic organic matter, in the sorting processes - global loss - equipment loss (example, 1st sieve) b) Extraction of man made inert materials - global loss - equipment loss (example, densimetric table) c) Extraction of materials for recovery - iron metals - cardboard

23. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOExamples:  71% NSOM was lost as refuse in the separation processes  50,2% NSOM that entered the composting park was lost as CO 2 and H 2 O, due to respiration  49% NSOM of the composted material was lost in the post-treatment  The overbands had an iron metals’ extraction efficiency of 47%

24. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Work done for the global level evaluation: 1. Tratolixo plant (Portugal) MSW  MT  C (Koch)  PT  COMPOST 2. Kirchheim plant (Germany) BIOWASTE  MT  C (Koch)  PT  COMPOST 3. Bamberg plant (Germany) BIOWASTE  C (Biodegma)  PT  COMPOST

25. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO B. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESS LEVEL Composting  Microbiological Process - Substrate availability - Temperature - O 2 and CO 2 concentrations - Water content - Nutrient balance - pH - Particle size

26. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Process monitoring: i) Along the process - Substrate availability (volatile solids) - [ SOUR (specific oxygen uptake rate) ] - Granulometry ii) Final product - Self-heating test

27. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Parameters to be measured: 1. Temperature 2. O 2 and CO 2 concentrations 3. Water content 4. Particle size (granulometry) 5. Substrate availability (volatile solids) 6. Self-heating test (final product)

28. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 1. Temperature  Process speed  45 – 60ºC  Sanitation  > 55ºC  Process speed + sanitation  55 – 60ºC Measurement: - 10 zones along the process - 3 points per zone - 2 depths per point TOTAL: 10x3x2 = 60 measurements Repeat the procedure X? days

29. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOTratolixo Temperature (ºC) - Composting park 1 Temperature (ºC) - Composting park 1

30. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOTratolixo Temperature (ºC) - Composting park 2

31. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 2. O 2 and CO 2 concentrations  Aerobic versus anaerobic conditions  Odours, polluting gases  [ O 2 ]: Ideally > 15%; not 15%; not < 10%Measurement: - ? zones along the process - ? points per zone - ? depths per point Repeat the procedure X? days

32. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 3, 4 & 5. Water content, granulometry, and volatile solids content Water content:  Most of the decomposition occurs in thin liquid films on the surfaces of particles  Theoretically, ideal moisture content  100%  Moisture levels and aeration  Biowaste, organic fraction MSW: 50% < [H 2 O] < 60%  Compost post-treatment: [H 2 O] < 25 - 35%

33. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Granulometry (particle size): Mechanical and biological action  Size reduction along the composting process  Use as a process monitoring parameter

34. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Volatile solids (VS) content:  Experimentally LOI (loss on ignition): weight loss after burning at 550ºC  t  Quick and simple estimate of the amount of organic matter in a sample  Organic matter degradation  VS reduction  Use as a process monitoring parameter Use as a process monitoring parameter

35. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Procedure for determination of water content, granulometry, and volatile solids content i) Collection of samples ii) Sieving at 20 mm iii) Homogenisation of the fraction < 20 mm, and sub-sampling iv) Drying at 105ºC v) Loss on ignition at 550ºC  granulometry  moisture content  volatile solids content

36. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Tratolixo – Moisture content

37. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO 2. MODELLING One existing model for the composting plant of Mont-de-Marsan Developed by BRGM and Cemagref

38. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Model for the Mont-de-Marsan plant: 1. MILLING – decrease in granulometry 2. BIOLOGICAL SPLITTING – loss on organic matter 3. PHYSICAL SPLITTING – sieves, overband, densimetric separation

39. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOWP5: Use the existing model as the basis Use the existing model as the basis Add one new factor - TEMPERATURE Add one new factor - TEMPERATURE

40. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOTEMPERATURE HEAT PRODUCTION (microbial respiration) HEAT LOSS (conduction, convection and radiation) HEATERCOOLER Conduction ConvectionRadiation

41. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO MODEL COMPONENTS MILL  Granulometry PHYSICAL SPLITTERS Size, densimetric and magnetic separation processes

42. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO MODEL COMPONENTS (cont) HEATER COOLER BIOLOGICAL SPLITTER  Organic matter content  Temperature

43. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOMODEL MILL BIOLOGICAL SPLITTER HEATER COOLER PHYSICAL SPLITTERS

44. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Data from the global level evaluation PHYSICAL SPLITTERS

45. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Data from composting process evaluation MILL BIOLOGICAL SPLITTER HEATER COOLER

46. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO REACTION RATE (SPLITTER): Rate of degradation of volatile solids ( Eq. 1) – reaction rate r – reaction rate – concentration of volatile solids at time t [VS] t – concentration of volatile solids at time t – reation rate constant k – reation rate constant

47. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Reaction rate constant k: (Eq. 1) k depends on temperature (HEATER + COOLER) according the Arrhenius equation: (Eq. 2) (Eq. 3)

48. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Arrhenius equation: (Eq. 3) k – reaction rate constant A – constant (van’t Hoff – Arrhenius coefficient) Ea – activation energy (temperature independent) R – ideal gas constant T – absolute temperature

49. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Arrhenius equation: (Eq. 4) Y = a + b.X Y = ln(k) = ln(r / [VS] t ) X = 1 / T a = C b = - Ea / R VS Temperature

50. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Temperature (real data) Volatile solids content (invented data)

51. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Temperature (real data) Volatile solids content (invented data) r squared = 0,73

52. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Reaction rate

53. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOTemperature

54. Reaction rate Rate 1 – based on experimental temperature values Rate 2 – based on aimed temperature values

55. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO Temperature (real data) Volatile solids content (invented data)

56. LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO In practice, will the calibration of the model be successful?  Real data  Reaction rate (splitter) depends on: - Substrate availability ([VS]) - Temperature - O 2 and CO 2 concentrations - Water content - Nutrient balance - pH - Particle size

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