1. Brazil

2. Demographics Slightly smaller than the US in land area. Slightly smaller than the US in land area. Climate is mostly tropical, but temperate in south Climate is mostly tropical, but temperate in south Population: 191,900,000 Population: 191,900,000 –Most populous country in South America. Median Age: 29 years Median Age: 29 years –Male: 28.3 years –Female: 29.8 years Population Growth Rate:.98% Population Growth Rate:.98% Sex Ratio: 98 males for every 100 females. Sex Ratio: 98 males for every 100 females. Life expectancy: Life expectancy: –Male: 68.57 years. –Female: 76.62 years. Mostly Catholic (nominally) Mostly Catholic (nominally) Federal Republic Federal Republic Number of People with AIDS 660,000 Number of People with AIDS 660,000

3. Culture Roman Catholic is the dominate religion Roman Catholic is the dominate religion Official language is Portuguese Official language is Portuguese Muslim population is comprised of mostly Arab immigrants Muslim population is comprised of mostly Arab immigrants

4. History of Brazil 1500- Brazil claimed for Portugal by Pedro Alveras Cabral. 1500- Brazil claimed for Portugal by Pedro Alveras Cabral. 1822- Brazil claimed independence from Portugal. Pedro I ruled. 1822- Brazil claimed independence from Portugal. Pedro I ruled. 1831- Pedro I removed in favor of five-year-old son, Pedro II. 1831- Pedro I removed in favor of five-year-old son, Pedro II. 1865-1870- South America’s War of the Triple Alliance saw Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay aligned against Paraguay. The Triple Alliance believed Paraguay was undermining the region’s political stability. The war ended in crushing defeat of Paraguay. 1865-1870- South America’s War of the Triple Alliance saw Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay aligned against Paraguay. The Triple Alliance believed Paraguay was undermining the region’s political stability. The war ended in crushing defeat of Paraguay. 1888- Slavery Abolished 1888- Slavery Abolished

5. History of Brazil 1918- World War I 1918- World War I 1932- Women get the right to vote. 1932- Women get the right to vote. 1942- World War II 1942- World War II 1964-1985- A military dictatorship ruled over Brazil. As many as 353 people died while under custody. The dead of the leftist opposition were either "disappeared" or registered as suicides or fatalities from accidents or shootouts. 1964-1985- A military dictatorship ruled over Brazil. As many as 353 people died while under custody. The dead of the leftist opposition were either "disappeared" or registered as suicides or fatalities from accidents or shootouts. 1985- Tancredo Neves elected (First elected executive in 21 years) 1985- Tancredo Neves elected (First elected executive in 21 years)

6. Executive Branch President: Both Head of State and Government. President: Both Head of State and Government. Commander-in-Chief of armed forces. Commander-in-Chief of armed forces. Vice President with President. (Written out of Constitution in 1934; Restored in 1946) Vice President with President. (Written out of Constitution in 1934; Restored in 1946) Four-year term with possible second term. Four-year term with possible second term. Directly elected. Directly elected. Cabinet appointed by President Cabinet appointed by President Current President: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Current President: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

7. Presidents 1889-1891: Deodoro da Fonseca 1889-1891: Deodoro da Fonseca 1891-1894: Floriano Peixoto 1891-1894: Floriano Peixoto 1894-1898: Prudente de Morais 1894-1898: Prudente de Morais 1891-1902: Campos Sales 1891-1902: Campos Sales 1902-1906: Rodrigues Alves 1902-1906: Rodrigues Alves 1906-1909: Afonso Pena 1906-1909: Afonso Pena 1909-1910: Nilo Peçanha 1909-1910: Nilo Peçanha 1910-1914: Hermes da Fonseca 1910-1914: Hermes da Fonseca 1914-1918: Venceslau Bras 1914-1918: Venceslau Bras 1918-1919: Delfim Moreira 1918-1919: Delfim Moreira 1919-1922: Epitacio Pessoa 1919-1922: Epitacio Pessoa

8. Brazilian Law Based on Roman Germanic Traditions Based on Roman Germanic Traditions It consists of mostly codified statutes It consists of mostly codified statutes Civil law concepts prevail over common law practices Civil law concepts prevail over common law practices Court Decisions set out interpretative guidelines but not binding except in specific cases Court Decisions set out interpretative guidelines but not binding except in specific cases

9. Presidents cont. 1922-1926: Artur Bernardes 1922-1926: Artur Bernardes 1926-1930: Washington Luis 1926-1930: Washington Luis 1930: military junta 1930: military junta 1930-1945: Getulio Vergas 1930-1945: Getulio Vergas 1945-1946: Jose Linhares 1945-1946: Jose Linhares 1946-1951: Gaspar Dutra 1946-1951: Gaspar Dutra 1951-1954: Getulio Vargas 1951-1954: Getulio Vargas 1954-1955: Café Filho 1954-1955: Café Filho 1955: Carlos Luz 1955: Carlos Luz 1955-1956: Nereu Ramos 1955-1956: Nereu Ramos 1956-1961: Juscelino Kubitschek 1956-1961: Juscelino Kubitschek 1961: Janio Quadros 1961: Janio Quadros 1961: Ranieri Mazzilli 1961: Ranieri Mazzilli 1961-1964: Joao Goulart 1961-1964: Joao Goulart

10. Presidents cont. 1961: Ranieri Mazzilli 1961: Ranieri Mazzilli 1961-1964: Joao Goulart 1961-1964: Joao Goulart 1964: Ranieri Mazzilli 1964: Ranieri Mazzilli 1964-1967: Castelo Branco 1964-1967: Castelo Branco 1967-1969: Costa e Silva 1967-1969: Costa e Silva 1969: military junta 1969: military junta 1969-1974: Emilio Medici 1969-1974: Emilio Medici 1974-1979: Ernesto Geisel 1974-1979: Ernesto Geisel 1979-1985: Joao Figueiredo 1979-1985: Joao Figueiredo 1985-1990: Jose Sarney 1985-1990: Jose Sarney 1990-1992: Fernando Collor 1990-1992: Fernando Collor 1992-1995: Itamar Franco 1992-1995: Itamar Franco 1995-2003: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1995-2003: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2003- : Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva 2003- : Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva

11. Constitutions Constitution of 1824 – the first Brazilian constitution, enacted by Dom Pedro I. It was monarchic, hereditary and highly centralized, permitting the vote only to property- holders. Constitution of 1824 – the first Brazilian constitution, enacted by Dom Pedro I. It was monarchic, hereditary and highly centralized, permitting the vote only to property- holders. Constitution of 1891 – the republic was proclaimed in 1889, but a new constitution was not promulgated until 1891. This federalist, democratic constitution was heavily influenced by the U.S. model. However, women and illiterates were not permitted to vote. Constitution of 1891 – the republic was proclaimed in 1889, but a new constitution was not promulgated until 1891. This federalist, democratic constitution was heavily influenced by the U.S. model. However, women and illiterates were not permitted to vote. Constitution of 1934 – when Getúlio Vargas came to power in 1930, he canceled the 1891 constitution and did not permit a new one until 1934. The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 forced Vargas to enact a new democratic constitution that permitted women's suffrage. Getúlio Vargas was elected president by the Constitutional Assembly to a four-year term, beginning in 1933. Constitution of 1934 – when Getúlio Vargas came to power in 1930, he canceled the 1891 constitution and did not permit a new one until 1934. The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 forced Vargas to enact a new democratic constitution that permitted women's suffrage. Getúlio Vargas was elected president by the Constitutional Assembly to a four-year term, beginning in 1933. Constitution of 1937 – Getúlio Vargas suppressed a Communist uprising in 1935 and used it as a pretext to establish autocratic rule. He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed the polish, written by. Constitution of 1937 – Getúlio Vargas suppressed a Communist uprising in 1935 and used it as a pretext to establish autocratic rule. He instituted a corporatist constitution nicknamed the polish, written by. Constitution of 1946 – after a military coup ousted dictatorial Getúlio Vargas, an Assembly wrote a democratic constitution. Constitution of 1946 – after a military coup ousted dictatorial Getúlio Vargas, an Assembly wrote a democratic constitution. Constitution of 1967 – after the 1964 coup d'État against João Goulart, the military dictatorship passed the Institutional Acts, a supraconstitutional law. This strongly undemocratic constitution simply incorporated these Acts. Constitution of 1967 – after the 1964 coup d'État against João Goulart, the military dictatorship passed the Institutional Acts, a supraconstitutional law. This strongly undemocratic constitution simply incorporated these Acts. Constitution of 1988 – the progressive redemocratization culminated in the current constitution. Very democratic, it is more expansive than a normal constitution – many statutory acts in other countries are written into this constitution, like Social Security and taxes. Constitution of 1988 – the progressive redemocratization culminated in the current constitution. Very democratic, it is more expansive than a normal constitution – many statutory acts in other countries are written into this constitution, like Social Security and taxes.

12. Military Dictatorship In 1964 a military-led coup d'état deposed the democratically-elected president of Brazil, João Goulart. In 1964 a military-led coup d'état deposed the democratically-elected president of Brazil, João Goulart. Brazil was governed by the military, with a two-party system, with a pro-government National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and an opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). Brazil was governed by the military, with a two-party system, with a pro-government National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and an opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). Thousands of politicians had the political rights suspended, and military-sanctioned indirect elections were held for most elected positions until political liberalization during the government of João Figueiredo. Thousands of politicians had the political rights suspended, and military-sanctioned indirect elections were held for most elected positions until political liberalization during the government of João Figueiredo.

13. New Republic In 1985, the military were defeated in an election according to the scheme they had set up -- as a consequence of the loss of political support among the elites. Tancredo Neves elected, but he died before he could take office. His vice-president, Jose Sarney, took over. In 1985, the military were defeated in an election according to the scheme they had set up -- as a consequence of the loss of political support among the elites. Tancredo Neves elected, but he died before he could take office. His vice-president, Jose Sarney, took over. Sarney's government was disastrous in almost every field. The ongoing economic recession and the soaring external debt drained the country's assets while ravaging inflation (which later turned into hyperinflation) demonetized the currency and prevented any stability. Sarney's government was disastrous in almost every field. The ongoing economic recession and the soaring external debt drained the country's assets while ravaging inflation (which later turned into hyperinflation) demonetized the currency and prevented any stability. Sarney attempted to fix the problems, but he failed in the end. Sarney attempted to fix the problems, but he failed in the end.

14. Collor government (1990-1992) His inflation control plan was based on an attempt to control prices and a complicated currency conversion process that prevented people from cashing their bank accounts for 18 months. His inflation control plan was based on an attempt to control prices and a complicated currency conversion process that prevented people from cashing their bank accounts for 18 months. All of this made him quite unpopular and denied him support in the parliament that he needed since his own party held few seats. At the beginning of his third year in office, he resigned as a result of in a huge corruption scandal. The charges against him would later be dropped, some on mere technicalities, some for actually being irrelevant or false. All of this made him quite unpopular and denied him support in the parliament that he needed since his own party held few seats. At the beginning of his third year in office, he resigned as a result of in a huge corruption scandal. The charges against him would later be dropped, some on mere technicalities, some for actually being irrelevant or false.

15. Legislative The National Congress of Brazil is a bicameral legislature. The National Congress of Brazil is a bicameral legislature. –The upper-house is the Federal Senate. –The lower-house is the House of Deputies.

16. Federal Senate Upper House Upper House 81 Seats 81 Seats 3 members elected from each state/federal district by a majority. 3 members elected from each state/federal district by a majority. –26 states and 1 federal district. –One third and two-thirds elected alternately every four years, meaning eight-year terms.

17. Chamber of Deputies Lower House Lower House Has 513 seats. Has 513 seats. Proportional Representation Proportional Representation Deputies serve four-year terms. Deputies serve four-year terms.

18. Judicial System The legal system is based on continental European principles The legal system is based on continental European principles Jury system has been used in criminal cases for more than 100 years but now they tend to stray away from juries Jury system has been used in criminal cases for more than 100 years but now they tend to stray away from juries The Supreme Federal Court is composed of 11 justices, chosen by the president with Senate approval, who can serve until age 70 The Supreme Federal Court is composed of 11 justices, chosen by the president with Senate approval, who can serve until age 70 Judges are appointed for life and may not accept other employment. Judges are appointed for life and may not accept other employment. Has final jurisdiction Has final jurisdiction

19. Judicial System The Federal Appeals Court deals with cases involving the federal government. The Federal Appeals Court deals with cases involving the federal government. There is also a system of specialized courts dealing with police, juveniles, and family matters. There is also a system of specialized courts dealing with police, juveniles, and family matters. The judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches. The judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches. Criminal defendants have a right to counsel. Criminal defendants have a right to counsel. Brazilian legal system is the coexistence of decentralized and centralized models Brazilian legal system is the coexistence of decentralized and centralized models

20. Politcal Parties Worker’s Party: Left-wing party Worker’s Party: Left-wing party –De Silva’s party Brazilian Social Democracy Party: center-left Brazilian Social Democracy Party: center-left –Calls “left/right” labels outdated. Brazilian Democratic Movement party: no fixed ideology; mostly center/ liberal. Brazilian Democratic Movement party: no fixed ideology; mostly center/ liberal. Democrats: center-right Democrats: center-right

22. Political Culture Citizens of the north vote more often for the Workers’ Party; the South votes more for the Social Democracy Party. Citizens of the north vote more often for the Workers’ Party; the South votes more for the Social Democracy Party. Compulsary voting: Voters age 18-70 are required to vote. Compulsary voting: Voters age 18-70 are required to vote. Many favor a military rule over democracy. Many favor a military rule over democracy. High migration into urban areas. High migration into urban areas. Amount of registered voters increasing since mid-1900’s Amount of registered voters increasing since mid-1900’s

23. Styles of Politics 1 st : Coronelismo : local “colonels”, in an alliance with farmers, control the votes of rural workers. 1 st : Coronelismo : local “colonels”, in an alliance with farmers, control the votes of rural workers. 2 nd : Clientellistic politics. Politicians receive migrants to improve their lives in exchange for votes. 2 nd : Clientellistic politics. Politicians receive migrants to improve their lives in exchange for votes. 3 rd : Direct populist appeal by politicians 3 rd : Direct populist appeal by politicians Voters most influenced by second and third styles, along with peer groups, opinion leaders, and soap operas. Voters most influenced by second and third styles, along with peer groups, opinion leaders, and soap operas.

24. Bureaucracy Ministries include: Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Education, etc. Ministries include: Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Education, etc. The bureaucracy is massive; Considered to be bloated, overreaching, etc. The bureaucracy is massive; Considered to be bloated, overreaching, etc. Many unnecessary officials in the system. Many unnecessary officials in the system. Bureaucracy in need of reform. Bureaucracy in need of reform.

25. Foreign Policy Brazil has an active role in the politics of South America. Brazil has an active role in the politics of South America. Characterized by an aggressive foreign policy approach. Characterized by an aggressive foreign policy approach. Relations with U.S. strong historically; have been weaker lately due to economic downturn. Relations with U.S. strong historically; have been weaker lately due to economic downturn.

26. Foreign Policy Well established International Economic Relations Well established International Economic Relations Part of the WTO and UN Part of the WTO and UN Open Economy (10 th largest in the World) Open Economy (10 th largest in the World) Social and Economic problems prevent them from becoming a major world power Social and Economic problems prevent them from becoming a major world power

27. Armed Forces The Armed forces of Brazil comprise the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force The Armed forces of Brazil comprise the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by constitution, but under the control of each state's governor The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by constitution, but under the control of each state's governor The Brazilian armed forces are the largest in Latin America. The Brazilian armed forces are the largest in Latin America.

28. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, students should be able to: describe the major elements of diversity associated with Brazil describe the major elements of diversity associated with Brazil identify five major historic influences on the current regime and political culture identify five major historic influences on the current regime and political culture describe three major recent changes to political culture in Brazil and assess their importance describe three major recent changes to political culture in Brazil and assess their importance explain how Brazil's "open list proportional representation" system differs from most proportional elections systems and assess the effects of that system on the political system explain how Brazil's "open list proportional representation" system differs from most proportional elections systems and assess the effects of that system on the political system identify the major political parties and describe their policy differences identify the major political parties and describe their policy differences identify and describe the major elements of the Brazilian regime identify and describe the major elements of the Brazilian regime identify the primary policy goals of governments over the past 20 years and assess the degree of success in achieving those goals identify the primary policy goals of governments over the past 20 years and assess the degree of success in achieving those goals