1. Unit 3-Culture and Language Chapters 4, 5 © Robin Foster

2. Chapter 4 Culture

3. What is culture? Culture is the complex mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that form a peoples’ way of life. Cultural landscape-the modification of the natural landscape by human activities. Cultural Ecology is the field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture.

4. Adaptive culture How a person adapts to a new culture. We all use adaptive strategies. Ms. Foster moved from the North to the South. What makes her crazy about living in the South? There are some very distinct differences.

5. Material Culture A wide range of concrete human creations, sometimes called artifacts that reflect values, beliefs and behaviors.

6. Non-material culture (cultural geography) Consists of abstract concepts of: Values-culturally defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, beauty and serve as guidelines for moral living. Beliefs-statements people hold to be true, and they are almost based on values. Behaviors or actions that people take based on beliefs, values and norms (rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of members.)

7. Customs and habits are different A habit is a repetitive act that a particular individual performs. Example: jeans on Friday, getting dressed. A custom is a repetitive act of a group performed to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group. Example: 4 th of July fireworks

8. Culture Region An area marked by culture that distinguishes itself from other regions

9. Culture Trait A single attribute of a culture

10. Culture Complex A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society’s behavior. Nationalism is a culture complex. Example: Proud to be American. Cattle herding among African tribes.

11. Culture System A group of interconnected cultural complexes. China is a culture system-life in different parts of China can be different, dialects of Chinese are different.

12. Cultural Hearth Areas where civilization first began. Mesopotamia Indus Valley Nile Valley

13. Cultural diffusion Diffusion-the movement of goods, people or ideas. Cultural diffusion has spread culture traits to most parts of the world.

14. Independent inventions Developments that can be traced to a specific civilization. Greek democracy.

15. CARL SAUER AND TORSTEN HAGERSTRAND Both Geographers wrote about Cultural Diffusion.

16. Expansion Diffusion An innovation or idea develops in a source area and remains strong there while spreading outward.

17. Types of expasion diffusion Contagious Diffusion: nearly all adjacent individuals are affected (like dropping a rock in water). Time –distance decay-trait weakens as distance increases.

18. Hierarchical Diffusion Ideas and artifacts spread first between larger places or prominent people and only later to smaller less prominent people.

19. Diffusion Your own Example of these?

20. Stimulus Diffusion A genuine invention sparked by an idea that diffused in from another culture. The invention of a unique Cherokee writing system by Sequoyah around 1821 after seeing English is an example.

21. Relocation Diffusion Relocation Diffusion: the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted an idea or innovation and carry it to a new, perhaps distant locale, where they proceed to disseminate it. Migrant diffusion: when an innovation originates somewhere and enjoys strong but brief adoption there Italian immigrants to New York City taught Irish-Americans how to make pizza (pizza, of course, originated in Italy).

22. Acculturation A less dominant culture adopts the traits of more influential ones. Americans adopting Indian Culture

23. Assimilation The dominant culture completely absorbs the less dominant one. Portrait of Native Americans from the Cherokee, Cheyenne, Choctaw, Comanche, Iroquois, and Muscogee tribes in American attire. Photos dates from 1868 to 1924.

24. Transculturation There is an exchange between two cultures, with both cultures functioning as sources and adopters. When the Spanish overthrew the Aztec kingdom, Spanish culture prevailed in religion, Aztec crops taken back to Spain- corn and chocolate. Regional holiday differences.

25. Syncretism The fusion of old and new cultures. Culture A Culture C Culture B Kwanzaa It is an African American and pan African culture

26. Culture Culture can be categorized according to spatial distribution into two basic types: Folk Culture Popular Culture

27. Folk Culture Folk Culture is traditionally practiced by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas.

28. Folk Culture Small Incorporates homogeneous population Typically rural Cohesive in cultural traits Work to preserve those traits in order to claim uniqueness

29. Folk Culture Folklore-stories passed on from generation to generation. Jack tales-stories that involve the character Jack. Folk culture is in a relatively small area.

30. Popular Culture Popular Culture is found in large heterogeneous societies that are bonded by a common culture despite the many differences among the people who share it.

31. Jeans 1960’s jeans were associated with low status laborers and farmers. Levi’s are a status symbol in may parts of the world.

32. Popular Culture

33. Popular Culutre Popular culture flourishes in countries here people have sufficient income to acquire the tangible elements of popular culture. Pop culture is ever changing

34. Popular Culture Large Incorporates heterogeneous populations Typically urban Experiences quickly changing cultural traits Practiced by people across identities and across the world Also encompasses material and nonmaterial culture Practiced in wider area, popular culture usually spreads through contagious diffusion.

35. Culture Let’s look at several segments of culture: Music Food Sports Architecture

36. Hip Hop Map

37. Music Culture can be analyzed through music. Elvis Who?

38. Music Listening habits of a particular group of people is to analyze the radio stations they listen to. What radio station do you listen to? What’s your ringtone?

39. Music Country Bluegrass Blues Tejano Cajun Polka Motown Dance dance2

40. Food Food is a terrific way to understand culture because certain areas have dishes that are distinct to their cuisine

41. Think USA Chowder NE-is a white chowder NY- is tomato based BBQ—some sauces are mustard, ketchup, tomato or vinegar based. Dry BBQ-sauce cooked in Wet BBQ-sauce added after meat is cooked. Meat-port or beef?

42. Food attractions and Taboo Taboo to eat things that are thought to embody negativity May establish food taboos to protect the environment Religion and social values also play a role in food taboos The nutritional value is one of the determining factors in whether someone eats something or not Some things are eaten because they enhance some characteristic the culture deems important

43. Food Taboos USA-swan, dog, cat, elephant, rats, mice Hindu’s-Cow Judaism-shellfish, elephant, pork Somali Clans-fish Quebec-horse meat Muslim’s-pork England, Ireland-snails Rastafarians-no salt Rastafarians

44. Food American fast food has invaded the world.

45. Food around the world Denmark-sandwiches called smorrbrod, eaten open face with a knife and fork.

46. Iceland Rotted Shark-Once the shark is “ripe” enough it is eaten. Yummy?

47. Andes of South America Guinea pigs called cuy are a delicacy. Served for special occasions such as anniversaries and birthdays.

48. Food Blowfish or Fugu is a delicacy in Japan. Costing as much as $200/plate. You can die, if prepared incorrectly. UK--Fish and chips

49. Pica Clay Paint chips Cornstarch Coffee grounds Cigarette ashes Glue Hair Feces Paper sand

50. Geophagy The habit of eating clay, mud or dirt. Many say there are health benefits and that dirt from different areas tastes different.

51. El Santuario de Chimayo People travel to this site in New Mexico. They believe the ground is sacred and travel here to eat dirt.

52. Sports Sports are associated with culture. The spread of baseball and basketball around the world from the USA is a form of hierarchical diffusion.

53. Sports Soccer is the #1 sport in the world.

54. Sports Football Soccer Baseball Basketball Lacrosse Cricket Tennis Golf What sports fan are you?

55. Architecture The architecture of residential, commercial and spiritual structures vary greatly throughout the world.

56. Housing Housing styles vary according to climate and available building materials. Brick/wood Flat/peaked roof Basement? One story/multi-story Single/multi family

57. Mongolian Yurts

58. Onion Domes

59. Local Culture People who see themselves as a part of a community that works to preserve their traits and customs.

60. TV and popular culture TV is the most popular leisure activity in MDC’s throughout the world. TV is the most important mechanism by which popular culture such as sports is rapidly diffused throughout the earth.

61. TV Diffusion from the USA to Europe and other MDC’s then to LDC’s. In the USA, TV stations are owned by private corporations, who are licensed by the government. In most of the rest of the world the government owns the TV Stations.

62. British Broadcasting Corporation Have you ever watched the BBC? It’s very different than American TV.

63. Government Control of TV Many governments see TV as a way to foster cultural integration. Show what leaders are doing and accomplishments of political system. People watch what the government wanted them to see. Satellite TV has enabled people to see stations other than government controlled.

64. The internet Diffusion of internet follows a pattern of television diffusion. The internet connects the world, making cultural diffusion happen at a rapid pace. Without the internet, what would you do?

65. Threat to folk culture Subserviance of women in folk customs threatened. Women acting and becoming “westernized”. Increasing incomes fuel the demand for possessions of popular culture

66. Uniform Lanscapes?

67. Environmental Impact 1. Uniform landscapes-buildings look alike, arranged on uniform streets. 2. Increased demand for natural resources-Fads increase demand for items like animal skins, eating habits (chicken wings). 3. Pollution-high volumes of wastes, solids, liquids and gasses. Ex. Plastic bottles.

68. Chapter 5 Language

69. Linguistic Geography The study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations or grammatical constructions. All languages are grouped into language families that have a shared by distant origin.

70. Language Language is a system of communication through speech. Oldest cultural trait on earth. Language not only allows for communication, but continuity of culture In most cases language is spoken and written.

71. Language Official language-language used by government for laws, reports, and public documents. A country can have more than 1 official language. Standard language-a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status.

72. Languages of the world

73. Language-a set of sounds and symbols used for communication Language Family-group of languages that share a distinct origin. Language group--- collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin. Displaying a relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

74. Languages of the world Top 10 Most Commonly Spoken Languages 1. Chinese-14.9%(Mandarin, Wu) 2. Spanish-5.05% 3. English-4.84% 4. Hindi 5. Arabic 6. Portuguese 7. Bengali 8. Russian 9. Japanese 10. Standard German

75. language families  Indo-European-English, Romance, Slavic-48% of world  Sino-Tibetan-Mandarin Chinese-26% Afro-Asiatic-Arabic-6% Austronesian-SE Asia-5% Dravidian-India-4% Altaic-Asia-3% Niger-Congo-Africa-3% Japanese-2% Remaining 3% spoken by people in the 100 other smaller languages

76. English Speaking Countries

77. English Spoken by more than ½ a billion people. The British were responsible for the diffusion of English. Migration of British to other parts of the world diffused English.

78. Dialects You may not be able to understand the regional dialects. Dialects

79. Differences between American and British English American English Line Motor home Mail Fries Parking lot Sweater Highway Apartment Cookie British English Queue Caravan Post Chips Car park Jumper Motorway Flat Biscuit

80. Romance Languages Evolved from Latin. Spain, Portugal, France and Italy- are the countries of the original Romance Languages. Romanian is the 5 th Romance Language Latin and Hebrew have literary traditions. Dialects exist within the Romance Languages-Castilian.

81. Romance Languages

82. Multi Lingual States Speak two or more languages. Belgium is an example

83. Switzerland 4 languages in the country. German, French, Italian and Romansh

84. Canada-a bilingual Country English for the majority of the country. Quebec is the French speaking province.

85. Monolingual countries Only one language is primarily spoken Japan Venezuela Portugal Venezuela

86. Preserving Local Languages Thousands of extinct languages-once in use but no longer spoken or read in daily activities anywhere. Examples include: Gothic-E/N Europe Welsch-Wales Quechua-Peru Hebrew

87. Isolated languages A language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family. Basque-Pyrenees Mts. of Spain/France. Icelandic-less need for new words and change to language.

88. Global Domination of English Need for common language for communication. Lingua Franca-language of international communication is English. Mix elements of two languages into a common language.

89. Global diffusion of English Pidgin-mixing of lingua franca and their native language. 90% of all students in the European Union learn English.

90. Expansion diffusion of English Ebonics-a combination of Ebony and phonics. Example: She be at home Ebonics is controversial. Appalachian dialects- Quick, call an am-bew-lance. Many are considered a sign of poor education by outsiders.

91. Diffusion into other languages Franglais-a combination of French and English. Le Jogging Spanglish-Spanish and English. The word carpeta is "folder" in standard Spanish. In some Spanglishes it means "carpet" (room rug). Denglish-German and English Ich musste den Computer neu booten / rebooten, weil die Software gecrasht ist. I had to reboot the computer because the software crashed.rebootcrashed

92. Toponymy The study of place names. Cultural identity and history can be revealed by noticing names of geographic and political features. New York Rio Grande-”Big River” in Spanish Rocky Mountains

93. Isogloss Geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.

94. Language Barriers Language can be a barrier for many international travelers. Language barriers for immigrants. Language dialects as a part of regional culture. Literacy-the ability to read and write in your native language.