1. mutations

2. WHAT?.....

3. DO YOU SEE- WHAT HE SEES?

4. MUTATIONS  CHANGE IN DNA  DNA ULTIMATELY DIRECTS THE PRODUCTION OF THE PROTEINS THAT AFFECT AN ORGANISMS METABOLISM & DEVELOPMEN T.  MUTATIONS CAN I NVOLVE ENTIRE CHROMOSOMES OR SPECIFIC GENES.

5. Sickle cell anemia, down syndrome gene chromosome

6. Turners syndrome,cystic fibrosis

7. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia

8. Somatic mutations: mutations that take place in the body cells DNA, but do not affect their offspring. FYI - albinism can be the result of a somatic or germ-line mutation

9. MORE MUTATION INFO:  MUTATIONS CAN TAKE PLACE IN GERM CELLS (SEX CELLS) SUCH AS EGG & SPERM, THEY DO NOT AFFECT THE ORGANISM ITSELF BUT GET PASSED ONTO THE OFFSPRING.  SOMATIC MUTATIONS TAKE PLACE IN BODY CELLS AND ARE PASSED ON TO THE DAUGHTER CELLS THROUGH MITOSIS.

10. mutations  Majority of mutations are harmful. 3 kinds: deletion- a section of DNA is lost or deleted. insertion - extra base pairs are inserted into a different place on the DNA. substitution – exchanges one base for another such as switching A to G.

11. mutagens  Environmental factors that damage DNA.  Examples: UV rays, radiation, cigarette, asbestos and certain viruses.