1. Evidence of Evolution By Madalyn Incognito

2. The 5 evidences of evolution:  Fossils  Biogeography  Comparative embryology  Comparative anatomy  Comparative DNA (Biochemistry)

3. Fossils  A fossil is a remnant or trace of a once living organism  How are fossils formed:  The animal dies  Soft parts of the animal are eaten or decay; the bones remain  The bones or hard parts are covered in dust and soil  Bones are buried in layers of soil  The layers of soil turn to stone. The remains turn to stone and form a fossil  Fossils show that life forms found in fossils from millions of years ago have similar characteristics to modern life forms. It proves they originated from a common ancestor.

4. Dating of Fossils  The age of rocks can be determined using radioactive dating  The age of rocks can also be determined by correlating the fossils found in them with rocks of know age  The oldest sedimentary rocks contain no fossils; no evidence of life  Older fossils are from organisms which were:  Simple  Water living  Younger fossils are from organisms which were:  Both simple and complex  Both water and land living

5. Biogeography  Biogeography is the study of living things in relation to geographical regions  Darwin and Wallace used biogeography as evidence of evolution.  They noticed that species living in the same area were more similar to each other than to species living in similar habitats far apart  This shows that species evolved due to the selective pressure of their own habitats

6. Biogeography tells us that organisms migrate from a place of origin and evolve into new species. Emu-Australia Ostrich-Africa Rhea-South America

7. Comparative Embryology  Comparative Embryology is the branch of Embryology that compares and contrasts embryos of different species.  Comparative Embryology determines that relatedness of species. Organisms with similar structures are argued to have acquired their traits from a common ancestor.

8. Comparative anatomy  The anatomy of different species can be compared to look for evidence of evolution from a common ancestor.  Homologous structures:  Structures found in plants or animals that have the same origin, but not necessarily exactly the same form or the same function  Example: Pentadactyl limb of vertebrae animals (mammals, reptiles and amphibians)

9.  All vertebrae animals have limbs with five digits (finger-like structures) which have the same basic structural plan but have altered to different environments and lifestyles  This suggests that all these groups of animals originated from a common ancestor

10. Comparative DNA sequencing  Comparison of the DNA sequences allows organisms to be grouped by sequence similarity and as a result allows the construction of evolutionary trees  Comparative DNA sequencing shows that we all come from a common ancestor  We all have the same bases in our DNA, they are just arranged in different order  The more closely related the animals are the more similar their DNA sequence is  Example:  If 2 new species evolved from a common ancestor, their DNA and protein molecules would change and become different. The number of differences is proportional to the time since they separated