1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Early European Explorers

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Understand European motivations for exploring the seas. Analyze early Portuguese and Spanish explorations. Describe European searches for a direct route to Asia. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Moluccas – an island chain in present-day Indonesia; chief source of spices in the 1400s Prince Henry – Portuguese prince who sponsored technology and map making to send Portuguese mariners around Africa and to Asia cartographer – a map maker Vasco da Gama – Portuguese navigator; first to sail around Africa to Asia Terms and People

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Christopher Columbus – Italian navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic and explored what became known as the Americas Line of Demarcation – line drawn by the pope dividing the non-European world into two zones split between Spain and Portugal Treaty of Tordesillas – a 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal officially agreed to the Line of Demarcation Colony-settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country. Commerce- buying and selling goods over long distance Terms and People (continued)

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese nobleman who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe in 1522 circumnavigate – to sail around mercantilism – an economic policy in which it was believed that a nation must export more goods than it imports to build its supply of gold and silver Export-sell to other countries Import-buying goods from other countries Invest-Entrepreneurs (businessmen) put their money into a project Terms and People (continued)

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did the search for spices lead to global exploration? Throughout history, groups of people—from the ancient Greeks to Muslim Arabs and the Vikings of Scandinavia—had explored the seas, trading and migrating over long distances. The European sailors of the 1400s began a dramatic new period of exploration.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Spices were used to flavor meats, preserve food, and make perfumes and medicines. Europeans had been introduced to these goods during the Crusades, but demand had dropped during the Black Death. By the 1400s, Europe’s population was growing again. Demand for spices rose. Europeans desired luxury goods from Asia, especially spices.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Muslim traders carried goods from Asia to the Mediterranean. Italian merchants then brought them to European cities. Other Europeans realized it could be highly profitable to bypass the Italian city- states and gain direct access to Asia. Most spices came from a chain of islands in Southeast Asia called the Moluccas.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. magnetic compass First used by the Chinese; showed direction portolan maps Maps with lines radiating from compasses that showed routes to important ports astrolabe An ancient device, adapted for finding latitude and telling time caravel A new, lighter, fast ship that could travel long distances As Europeans sought new routes to Asia, they benefited from new or improved technology.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Henry gathered cartographers, scientists, and other experts. They redesigned ships, trained sea captains, and prepared more accurate maps. Henry inspired explorers and sponsored voyages. Portugal hoped to Christianize the Africans and find a route to Asia. Portugal led the way in exploration. Under Prince Henry “The Navigator,” Portuguese expeditions sailed eastward along the coast of Africa.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Vasco de Gama later helped Portugal build a vast trading network around the Indian Ocean. 1497 – Vasco de Gama sailed around Africa and after 10 months reached India. 1488 – Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa. Henry died in 1460, but Portuguese navigators continued his quest.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Born in the Italian city of Genoa, he had persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sponsor his journey. He knew the world was round, but underestimated its size. As a result, he sailed for many weeks. On October 12, he and his crew spotted land. In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed westward across the Atlantic with three ships.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. He called the people he met “Indians.” He returned to Spain a hero. He led three more voyages but never realized that he had not reached Asia. Columbus explored the islands of the Caribbean, which he believed to be the East Indies.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The pope set a Line of Demarcation dividing all non-European land between Portugal and Spain. Land to the west of the line went to Spain. Land to the east of the line went to Portugal. In 1493, Ferdinand and Isabella appealed to the pope to support their claim to all land in what Europeans referred to as the “New World.”

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The line was very imprecise due to the lack of knowledge of the geography at the time. Other European nations were eager to defy what they saw as arrogance on the part of Portugal and Spain. As nations scrambled to created their own empires, an age of empire building began. In the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494, Spain and Portugal agreed to the line set by the pope.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Early voyages of European explorers, 1487–1609

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Western Hemisphere was named “America” in 1507 by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller. The name came from Italian sea captain Amerigo Vespucci, who wrote about his visit. The islands Columbus had mistaken for the East Indies became known as the West Indies.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa walked across the jungles of Central America and saw the Pacific Ocean, which he called the South Sea. They unsuccessfully sought a “northwest passage” to Asia. The English, Dutch, and French explored the coast of North America.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1522, one of his ships made it home to Spain, the first to circumnavigate the entire globe. In 1521, after sailing around South America, he and his crew crossed the Pacific. Magellan himself was killed in the Philippines. In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out to find a passage to the East by sailing south and west.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Important European Explorers

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. European Footholds in the Eastern Hemisphere

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Voyages of exploration in the 1500s and 1600s led to a period of European domination of the globe. The exchange of people, goods, plants, and animals that came after these voyages changed the lives of those in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. How did the voyages of European explorers lead to new economic systems in Europe and its colonies?

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the wake of explorers, traders took new foods, such as tomatoes, peppers, and corn, from America back to Europe. They also brought plants and animals, such as horses and chickens, from Europe to the Americas. The Columbian Exchange of people, food, goods, and animals profoundly affected the world.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

25. People’s diets changed around the world due to new types of foods crossing the globe.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The global population started to explode by 1700. One of the key causes was the spread of new food crops from the Americas. However, Native American populations declined severely due to European diseases. Millions of people migrated at this time. Europeans spread out in the Americas. Africans were forced to the Americas by the slave trade.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A commercial revolution occurred as a result of direct links between the continents. Prices began to rise in Europe due to the huge amount of silver and gold coming in from the Americas. This led to inflation. This time period was known as the price revolution and led to the growth of capitalism, in which most businesses are owned privately.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.. Entrepreneurs looked overseas for opportunities to make profits. Investors formed joint stock companies to pool funds and lessen individual risk. Capitalists adopted bookkeeping methods from the Arabs. Banks became more important. Capitalists sought to make money through investment, rather than through land or labor.

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Merchants began to bypass medieval guilds. A merchant capitalist distributed raw material such as wool to peasant cottages. Peasants processed it into cloth. Then, the merchant sold the finished product for a profit. This system, known by the term “cottage industry,” separated capital and labor for the first time.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. European monarchs adopted a new economic policy called mercantilism. The goal of this policy was to build the nation’s gold and silver reserves by exporting more goods than it imported. To do this, European nations had strict laws governing trade with their colonies and imposed tariffs. As a result of these measures, national governments had a lot of control over their economies.

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The price revolution helped enrich merchants and skilled workers but hurt nobles, whose wealth was tied to the land. The majority of Europeans were peasants unaffected by these economic changes. However, new middle-class families had a comfortable life.