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The Literature Search and Background of the Problem.

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1 The Literature Search and Background of the Problem

2 Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. At a general level, research consists of three steps: Pose a question. Collect data to answer the question. Present an answer to the question. Creswell (2005) p.3 Creswell (2005) p.3

3 The Research Process: Adapted from Creswell p.51 The Research Process: Adapted from Creswell p.51  Identify a research problem  Read and study the literature to learn what is known about the problem. Once you have the background of the problem you can build a case for the need to know  Specify a purpose  Determine how to conduct your research  Collect and research data  Analyze and interpret the data  Report findings and conclusions

4 “What is already known” empirical studies, theories, models, case studies, statistical analyses, conference proceedings, peer-reviewed journals, resource manuals and handbooks, books, dissertations, theses, contemporary research, articles, White Papers, experts and new research.

5 Narrative Hook The Background of the Problem Problem Statement Purpose Definitions Significance

6 Chapter One Chapter One  Title  Narrative Hook- Introduction  “Background of the Problem” using your literature review to build a case for the “need to know”  Problem Statement  Narrative Statement of Purpose  Definitions  Significance Chapter Two: Review of the Literature Heading sub-heading sub-heading Heading Heading sub-heading sub-heading Heading sub heading sub headingHeading sub-heading sub-heading

7 Quantitative Design Quantitative Design Qualitative Design Qualitative Design  Include Statistical Analyses  Generalizability  Larger Population  Describe trends Identity specific variables and seek answers to how independent variables influence dependent variables  Experimental Research: pre and post testing, control groups, intervention studies  Survey  Correlation studies  Collect data that are measurable, and report those data statistically using mathematical procedures.  Have a central theme, question phenomenon  Explore and discover  Study groups and individuals, cultures, phenomena, history  Develop models or grounded theory  Collect data in texts, observations, review of materials, interviews, narratives, visuals  Look for themes and patterns, often coding large amounts of text to uncover meaning.  Mixed Methods / Qualitative and Quantitative Mixed Design.

8 Use Quantitative Research If You Want To…  Assess the impact of variables on an outcome  Measure variables  Gather data from large populations  Want generalizability  Test theories or broad explanations  Design control groups for experimenting with treatments, such as traditional lesson delivery and interactive technology  Use Mixed Methods to gather data that can be reported statistically and support with interviews, observations, review of documents, images or texts

9 Use Qualitative Research When You Want To…  Explore and discover  Study long term cases of particular interest  Gather large amounts of written or spoken testimony, images and perceptions  Study small numbers of individuals or sites  Observe, interview, collect texts and images, review documents - as the primary sources of data collection  Explore a central phenomenon within its group or culture  Conduct Mixed Methods research with a qualitative focus and quantitative data to further explore, explain or discover

10 Narrative Hook Problem Statement Purpose Definitions Significance The Background of the Problem

11 Part I Part II Part III Problem Purpose Review of the Literature Methodology

12 Narrative Hook Problem Statement Purpose Definitions Significance The Background of the Problem

13 Choose a Working Title Choose a Working Title Narrative Hook - The Introduction  Elicits interest and affective responses from the reader.  Invites curiosity.  Motivates the reader to go on  May contain statistics that dramatize the scope of the problem  Presents a clear need for research early-on..  Ties the world problem to the “need to know”.  Communicates significance.  Poses a compelling question.  Makes a connection among supporting data.  Intrigues the reader. The Problem Write a preliminary statement of the problem. Then, look deeply into the statement you have written for key words, phrases and theoretical terms. Use the online thesaurus to explore related key terms within your problem statement..

14 Creswell Chapter Three Topic Research Problem Concern Issue Needs a Solution Problem Justification Debates in the Literature Evidence from Literature Controversies Recommendations for Further Study New Need as a Result of Change Deficiencies in Body of Evidence in the Literature Gaps Inconclusive Evidence Conflicts Controversies What do We Need to Know More About? Close- Relating Clearly… The Need to Know Significance of Knowing


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