1. Say “blink” For each segment (phoneme) write a script using terms of the basic articulators that will say “blink.” Consider breathing, voicing, and controlling the nasal flow of air. for each segment, you need to give a clue about the PLACE where airflow is restricted and the MANNER or way(s) that airflow is controlled.

2. Vocal tract

3. IPA chart The horizontal axis indicates the place of obstruction--lips to glottis (front-back) The vertical axis indicates how or the manner of obstruction Vowels are continuous and unobstructed though tongue location is critical

4. IPA big chart The rightmost symbol of a pair is voiced. Shade indicates impossible articulation.

5. Speech acoustic terms Speech in terms of Hz, time, intensity Graphic representations of sound –Time pressure wave (intensity x time plot) –Spectrogram (Hz x time x intensity plot) –Spectrum (histogram of Hz for fixed time) Formant (Hz band of energy in speech, F0,F1, F2, F3, F4) VOT (voice onset time) F0 is the fundamental frequency determined by rate of open/closing vocal cords (in Hz.)

6. See time-pressure wave and spectrogram of “Blink” followed by “plink”

7. Graphic representations of “blink”-”plink” Notice the difference between the “voiced” B and the “unvoiced” P

8. Let’s say “blink” real slow

9. Here is a crude recipe with graphics Follow the numbered steps Test that the recipe is valid at each step check for voicing (feel larynx) check for nasal by pinching your nose closed

10. 1.TAKE A BREATH

11. 2.EXHALE, AT SAME TIME STOP AIRFLOW AT LIPS

12. 3. CLOSE NASAL CAVITY (NO “MLINK”) Keep airflow out of nasal cavity with soft palate valve

13. 4. LET PRESSURE BUILD, BLOW OPEN LIPS, START VOICING with no delay See voicing along the bottom-- dark bars indicate lots of energy. The blue plot tracks the F0 (fundamental).

14. 5. ADJUST TONGUE TO QUICKLY ARTICULATE VOICED “LIN(G)” Transition to nasal outlet

15. 6. OPEN NASAL CAVITY (SEE DARK BARS SHOWING NASAL RESONANCE, F4)

16. 7. STOP ORAL AIRFLOW AT BACK OF PALATE

17. 8. CONTINUE “NG” FOR A BIT

18. 9. CLOSE NASAL CAVITY NO AIRFLOW RELEASED AT MOUTH OR NOSE

19. 10. RELEASE STOP (velar K), NO VOICING Release any remaining air pressure from initial lung burst.

20. The end

21. Note the difference in the initial consonant of “plink” The so-called phoneme segments are sets of smaller features or instructions on saying the segment. [s] is an unvoiced continuous alveolar fricative. [z] is the voiced version [b] is a voiced stop [p] is an unvoiced stop Voicing here refers to onset of voicing after release of stop. Unvoiced is delayed [p]. Voiced is immediate. [b]

22. “Bat”

23. “pat” VOT is delayed over 30 milliseconds

24. Need to know-- Fundamental frequency (Fo) Graphic displays of sound –Time pressure wave –Spectrogram (Hz by time by intensity) –Spectrum (a histogram showing amounts of energy present at various Hz for a given time) Formant (F1, F2, F3, F4) Place and manner of articulation Vocal tract and its operation –Articulatory features of [s/z], [p/b]…

25. Spectrum of entire slow “blink” Cross cursors show 25 dB (deciBels) at 2515 Hz. Some suggest the short term(ms) shape of such histograms are the basis for speech perception invariants - that is why we hear “blink” whether said by male, female, or infant. (The voice- recognition problem)

26. Acoustics,parsing &garden path sentences It is reasonable to suppose that the speech waveform carries some useful parsing information. Changes in the fundamental, Fo can help. Garden path and intonation (tracking Fo pitch plot) "The professor (that) the students believed () died." "the professor (that) the students believed (() died) was just lost."

27. Overview of Fo Parsing- prevents premature closure Carries lots of non-linguistic info –Sex –Accents (e.g. place of birth) –Age –Even female fertility?