1. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's1 What are definitions, descriptions, and instructions? A definition is typically a brief explanation of an item or concept using words and (sometimes) graphics. A description is typically a longer explanation, usually accompanied by graphics, of an object, mechanism, or process. A set of instructions is a kind of process description intended to enable a person to carry out a task.

2. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's2 Decide where to place the definition: in the text in a marginal gloss in a separate hyperlinked file in a footnote in a glossary in an appendix

3. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's3 Definitions have two main uses: Definitions clarify a description of a new development or a new technology in a technical field. Definitions help specialists communicate with less knowledgeable readers.

4. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's4 Use these threestrategies when defining terms for readers from another culture: Add a glossary (a list of definitions). Use Simplified English and easily recognizable terms in definitions. Use graphics to help readers understand a term or concept.

5. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's5 There are three types of definitions: parenthetical sentence extended

6. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's6 Sentence definitions follow a typical pattern: Item = category + distinguishing characteristics

7. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's7 Follow these five guidelines to write effective sentence definitions: Be specific in stating the category and the distinguishing characteristics. Don’t describe a specific item if you are defining a general class of items. Avoid writing circular definitions. Be sure the category contains a noun or a noun phrase rather than a phrase beginning with when, what, or where. Consider including a graphic.

8. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's8 Eight techniques are used in extended definitions: graphics examples partition principle of operation comparison and contrast analogy negation etymology

9. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's9 Descriptions are verbal and visual representations of three items: objects mechanisms processes

10. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's10 Follow these four principles when writing descriptions: Clearly indicate the nature and scope of the description. Introduce the description clearly. Provide appropriate detail. Conclude the description.

11. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's11 Answer these five questions to introduce object or mechanism descriptions: What is the item? What is the function of the item? What does the item look like? How does the item work? What are the principal parts of the item?

12. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's12 Answer these six questions to introduce process descriptions: What is the process? What is the function of the process? Where and when does the process take place? Who or what performs the process? How does the process work? What are the principal steps of the process?

13. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's13 Provide appropriate detail in mechanism and object descriptions: Choose an appropriate organizational principle:  functional  spatial Use graphics.

14. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's14 Provide appropriate detail in process descriptions: Structure the step-by-step description chronologically. Explain causal relationships among steps. Use the present tense. Use graphics.

15. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's15 An example of a process description based on a graphic

16. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's16 Consider five questions when designing a set of instructions: What are your readers’ expectations? Do you need to create more than one set of instructions for different audiences? Will readers be anxious about the information? Will the environment in which the instructions are read affect the document design? What languages should you use?

17. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's17 What languages should you use? Do the text or graphics need to be modified? What is the reader’s technological infrastructure? Consider these three questions when writing instructions for multicultural readers:

18. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's18 Follow these two guidelines to design clear, attractive pages: Create an open, airy design. Clearly relate the graphics to the text.

19. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's19 Examples of cluttered and attractive page designs Source: Anthro, 2005 <www.anthro.com/assembly instructions/300- 5237-00.pdf>. Source: Slide- Lok, 2005 <www.slide- lok.com/ assembly/P246 8/P2468.pdf>.

20. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's20 Danger indicates an immediate and serious hazard that will likely be fatal. Warning indicates the potential for serious injury or death or serious damage to equipment. Caution indicates the potential for anything from moderate injury to serious equipment damage or destruction. Note indicates a tip or suggestion to help readers carry out the procedure successfully. Understand the four signal words used in manuals and instructions:

21. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's21 An example of a safety label

22. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's22 Write effective titles for instructions: Effective titles: How-to. “How to Install the J112 Shock Absorber” Gerund. “Installing the J112 Shock Absorber” Ineffective titles: Noun strings. “J112 Shock Absorber Installation Instructions”

23. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's23 Who should carry out this task? Why should the reader carry out this task? When should the reader carry out this task? What safety measures or other concerns should the reader understand? What items will the reader need? How long will the task take? Consider answering these six questions when drafting introductions for instructions:

24. Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's24 Number the instructions. Present the right amount of information in each step. Use the imperative mood. Do not confuse steps and feedback statements. Include graphics. Do not omit articles (a, an, the) to save space. Follow these six guidelines when drafting steps in instructions:

25. Typical elements in the front matter of a manual: introduction or preface overview of the contents conventions section “where to get help” section list of trademarks Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's 24

26. Typical elements in the back matter of a manual: set of specifications list of safety regulations and industry standards tips on maintenance and servicing copyright page index glossary Chapter 14. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's 25