1. VIKTOR EL·ÍK University of Manchester & Charles University, Prague The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in ·óka Romani

2. Austria Czechia Ukraine Poland Hungary ·óka Romani

3. Austria Czechia Ukraine Poland Hungary ·óka Romani SC NC

4. R R R R R R R V V V V V V

5. R R R R R R R V V V V V V Slovak Hungarian

6. Vowel system u+ú o+ó á i+í e+é ò+ è ü+ı ö+ Œ a u+ú o+ó á i+í e+é ò+ è ü+ı ö+ Œ a ·óka RomaniSók Hungarian

7. Vowel length correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs length also in consonants: geminates quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded Phonemics

8. Vowel length correlation: 5 core pairs & 3 marginal pairs length also in consonants: geminates quality difference: a = central unrounded, á = back rounded Phonemics independent of (the always initial) stress position independent of position within word restrictions on codas: some fricatives, almost no plosives, few clusters Phonotactics

9. Vowel length in loans Hungarian tégla ‘brick’< H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’< H csúfnév

10. Vowel length in loans Hungarian tégla ‘brick’< H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’< H csúfnévcsúfnòv-ò

11. Vowel length in loans Hungarian tégla ‘brick’< H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’< H csúfnévcsúfnòv-ò Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’< C Po ´ ljÇk ‘Pole’ Croatian

12. Vowel length in loans Hungarian tégla ‘brick’< H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’< H csúfnévcsúfnòv-ò Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’< C Po ´ ljÇk ‘Pole’ prósto ‘non-Rom’< *prosto< C pro ´ st ‘simple’ perníca ‘pillow’< *pernica< C pï ´ rnica ‘blanket’ Croatian

13. Vowel length in loans Hungarian tégla ‘brick’< H tégla ãúfnòvo ‘nickname’< H csúfnévcsúfnòv-ò Pojáko ‘Vlax Rom’< *Poljako< C Po ´ ljÇk ‘Pole’ prósto ‘non-Rom’< *prosto< C pro ´ st ‘simple’ perníca ‘pillow’< *pernica< C pï ´ rnica ‘blanket’ Croatian

14. Lengthening Substitutive in polysyllables in pretonic position bokhálo ‘hungry’< *bokhálo bokhalíle ‘they got hungry’< *bokhalíle in monosyllables (in tonic position) béng ‘devil’< *beng káj ‘where’< *kaj

15. Lengthening Substitutive in polysyllables in pretonic position bokhálo ‘hungry’< *bokhálo bokhalíle ‘they got hungry’< *bokhalíle Compensator y through contraction: V(V).vV > VV -á 1SG.FUT< *-ava dí ‘day’< díve< *dives sú ‘needle’< *suv kólo ‘soft’< *kovlo through monophthongization: V(V)v. > VV in monosyllables (in tonic position) béng ‘devil’< *beng káj ‘where’< *kaj

16. Polysyllables a) disyllables: no coda párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’ báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’ gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’ koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo

17. Polysyllables a) disyllables: no coda párno ‘white’, térno ‘young’, sásto ‘healthy’ b) polysyllables (>2): no coda & nucleus a báro ‘big’, lólo ‘red’, sáno ‘thin’, névo ‘new’, ‰úÏo ‘clean’, láãho ‘good’, ‰úko ‘dry’ gullo ‘sweet’, harno ‘short’, tikno ‘small’ koro ‘blind’ < *korro < *koRo barválo ‘rich’, bokh-ál-o ‘hungry’, guruv-án-o ‘beef’, am-ár-o ‘our’, gadÏ-ikán-o ‘non-Rom’ dilino ‘silly’, ka‰uko ‘deaf’, ka‰t-un-o ‘wooden’

18. Polysyllables: cross-dialect pharo ‘heavy’+++++ + phuro ‘old’++–+++ ãoRo ‘poor’– ± –+ ± + kalo ‘black’++++++ ãalo ‘replete’+0–++ + laãho ‘good’++––+– terno ‘young’+–+– ± – bango ‘crooked’–+–––– -al-++–––– -un-–+0––– ‰uko ‘dry’++––0– ka‰uko ‘deaf’–––(–)0 – ·ókaLovariWelshFinnish Sinti Latvian nevo ‘new’++++++

19. Polysyllables: cross-dialect pharo ‘heavy’+++++ + phuro ‘old’++–+++ ãoRo ‘poor’– ± –+ ± + kalo ‘black’++++++ ãalo ‘replete’+0–++ + laãho ‘good’++––+– terno ‘young’+–+– ± – bango ‘crooked’–+–––– -al-++–––– -un-–+0––– ‰uko ‘dry’++––0– ka‰uko ‘deaf’–––(–)0 – ·ókaLovariWelshFinnish Sinti Latvian nevo ‘new’++++++

20. Polysyllables: cross-dialect pharo ‘heavy’+++++ + phuro ‘old’++–+++ ãoRo ‘poor’– ± –+ ± + kalo ‘black’++++++ ãalo ‘replete’+0–++ + laãho ‘good’++––+– terno ‘young’+–+– ± – bango ‘crooked’–+–––– -al-++–––– -un-–+0––– ‰uko ‘dry’++––0– ka‰uko ‘deaf’–––(–)0 – ·ókaLovariWelshFinnish Sinti Latvian nevo ‘new’++++++

21. Polysyllables: cross-dialect pharo ‘heavy’+++++ + phuro ‘old’++–+++ ãoRo ‘poor’– ± –+ ± + kalo ‘black’++++++ ãalo ‘replete’+0–++ + laãho ‘good’++––+– terno ‘young’+–+– ± – bango ‘crooked’–+–––– -al-++–––– -un-–+0––– ‰uko ‘dry’++––0– ka‰uko ‘deaf’–––(–)0 – ·ókaLovariWelshFinnish Sinti Latvian nevo ‘new’++++++

22. Monosyllables a) rhotic coda: lengthening kher ‘house’ – bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’ bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR

23. Monosyllables a) rhotic coda: lengthening kher ‘house’ – b) other codas: no lengthening bár ‘garden’, ãór ‘thief’, dár ‘fear’, gér ‘scab’, pór ‘feather’, sír ‘garlic’, zár ‘body hair’, zór ‘power’ bár ‘stone’ < *baR, pér ‘abdomen’ < *peR – gój ‘intestine’ hév ‘hole’ vé‰ ‘forest’ béng ‘devil’ mol ‘wine’, pral ‘brother’, Èhil ‘butter’ etc. ãhon ‘moon’, lon ‘salt’, men ‘neck’ etc. baj ‘sleeve’, muj ‘mouth’, roj ‘spoon’ etc. dÏuv ‘louse’, gav ‘village’, jiv ‘snow’ etc. mas ‘meat’, phus ‘straw’ etc. bast ‘luck’, dand ‘tooth’ etc.

24. Monosyllables: cross-dialect kan ‘ear’–––+–– phen ‘sister’ –––+–– bar ‘garden’++++0+ baR ‘stone’+–+–+– kher ‘house’–+++–+ zor ‘power’++–++– ·ókaLovariWelshFinnish Sinti Latvian mol ‘wine’–––++– khul ‘excrement’ – ± –+–+ ber‰ ‘year’––+––– beng ‘devil’+––––– jag ‘fire’–––––+ jakh ‘eye’– ± ––+– nakh ‘nose’–+––––

25. Monosyllables: cross-dialect kan ‘ear’–––+–– phen ‘sister’ –––+–– bar ‘garden’++++0+ baR ‘stone’+–+–+– kher ‘house’–+++–+ zor ‘power’++–++– ·ókaLovariWelshFinnish Sinti Latvian mol ‘wine’–––++– khul ‘excrement’ – ± –+–+ ber‰ ‘year’––+––– beng ‘devil’+––––– jag ‘fire’–––––+ jakh ‘eye’– ± ––+– nakh ‘nose’–+––––

26. Monosyllables: cross-dialect kan ‘ear’–––+–– phen ‘sister’ –––+–– bar ‘garden’++++0+ baR ‘stone’+–+–+– kher ‘house’–+++–+ zor ‘power’++–++– ·ókaLovariWelshFinnish Sinti Latvian mol ‘wine’–––++– khul ‘excrement’ – ± –+–+ ber‰ ‘year’––+––– beng ‘devil’+––––– jag ‘fire’–––––+ jakh ‘eye’– ± ––+– nakh ‘nose’–+––––

27. Hierarchies coda or following onsetsonorant > obstruent > cluster rhotic > liquid > nasal dental, velar > labial voiced > voiceless nucleus vowel qualitylow > other number of syllablesdisyllabic > polysyllabic Phonetic

28. Hierarchies Phonetic function words: ój ‘s/he’, ón ‘they’, káj ‘where’ numerals: jék ‘one’, dúj ‘two’, trín ‘three’, pándÏ ‘five’ Extraphonetic lexical frequencyfrequent > less frequent coda or following onsetsonorant > obstruent > cluster rhotic > liquid > nasal dental, velar > labial voiced > voiceless nucleus vowel qualitylow > other number of syllablesdisyllabic > polysyllabic

29. Lexicalization gada ‘shirts’gáda ‘clothes’ anglal ‘from the front of’ánglal ‘in/to the front’ Lexical split

30. ‰úÏo ‘clean’ > ‰úÏ-ón-e ‘cleanly’ dél ‘God’ > déll-ór-o ‘Jesus’> déll-ór-ikán-o ‘Jesus-like’ báro ‘big’ > bárì-íl-e ‘they grew’ Lexicalization Hypoanalysis gada ‘shirts’gáda ‘clothes’ anglal ‘from the front of’ánglal ‘in/to the front’ Lexical split bokhálo ‘hungry’ > bokhal-íl-e ‘they got hungry’

31. Iconicity Adverbs and-i ‘in, into’angl-i ‘in front of’tal ‘under’ and-ar ‘out of’angl-al ‘from the front of’ tal-al ‘from under’ Related prepositions ánd-e ‘(to) inside’ ángl-altú ‘from the front’ tél-e ‘downwards’ tél-altú ‘from down’ándr-altú ‘from inside’ ándr-al ‘inside’tél-al ‘down’ ángl-e ‘fore-’ ángl-al ‘in/to the front’

32. Morphologization ha- ‘eat’há-l- pi- ‘drink’pí-l- mer- ‘die’mú-l- per- ‘fall’pé-l- dÏa- ‘go’gé-l- prav- ‘open’prá-d- av- ‘come’á-l- ov- ‘be, become, bear’ú-l- rov- ‘weep’rú-n- sov- ‘sleep’sú-t- phír- ‘walk’phír-d- merav- ‘cause to die’mera-d- Perfective lengthening

33. “Syntacticization” HeadModifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’

34. “Syntacticization” HeadModifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’ mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’ o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’ somorúni daj ‘sad mum’ térno rom ‘young man’

35. “Syntacticization” HeadModifier o rom hi phúro ‘the man is old’ i zumi má tádi hi ‘the soup is already cooked’ odna khera sne amáre ‘the houses were ours’ phuro rom ‘old man’ tadi zumi ‘cooked soup’ amare khera ‘our houses’ mri daj somorúni ssa ‘my mum was sad’ o rom hi térno ‘the man is young’ somorúni daj ‘sad mum’ térno rom ‘young man’ phúro< *phúro < *phuro< *phuro phuro rom< *phuro rom < *phuro rom< *phuro rom phurÿ gjas o m � r‰ ‘the man grew old’phurÿ m � r‰ ‘old man’ Split stress > split length

36. Summary *·óka Hungarian ·óka phonemics word-level phonotactics morphologization phonological lengthening lexicalization universals