1. U.S. Occupation of Japan Experiment in Democracy

2. Wartime images Kikuchi Shunkichi, c. 1940. Japan Photographers Association, A Century of Japanese Photography, p. 329

3. Nikudan sanyûshi

4. Wartime propaganda U.S. betrays its ideals Japanese propaganda betrays its prejudices Images taken from Dower, War Without Mercy

5. Goals Demilitarization (demobilization; Article Nine) Democratization Post1947/48 “Reverse Course” –Reconstruction –Pressure for remilitarization

6. Gen. Douglas MacArthur (SCAP) Courtesy William Kelly

7. Emperor visits MacArthur Courtesy William Kelly

8. Russian Perspective? Courtesy William Kelly

9. American tutelage? Courtesy William Kelly

10. Public education Ohara collection “First of all, gather your courage and speak up.”

11. Poster from first Postwar General Election, 1946 Source: http://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/img_l/S036/S036- 001l.html; translation by Orrhttp://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/img_l/S036/S036- 001l.html Ministry of Education poster: What do we build a new Japan with? With the life that wells up from within the people, not just with the lives of men, but of women too. What shape does the force that wells up from below take? With the peoples’ honestly written individual votes of political participation. Not just a men’s votes but women’s too. So it’s a precious thing....

12. Sazae-san (cf. Blondie) http://www.asij.ac.jp/elementary/projects/japanmro/ Nina/

13. Tokyo 1945 Courtesy William Kelly

14. Tokyo 1945 Courtesy William Kelly

15. Hara Setsuko

16. Misora Hibari (“Tokyo Kid”)

17. Yoshida Shigeru “Kantei” photo

18. San Francisco Treaty, 1951 Copyright 2001 Uldis Kruze and the University of San Diego Courtesy: San Francisco Public Library