Diversity Of Life – Topic #12

Diversity Of Life – Topic #12
Honors Biology Mr. Dans

Domain Bacteria*

Must know all* Collective biomass is at least 10 times that of all eukaryotes (a handful of rich soil contains more bacteria than the total number of humans that have ever lived). Have cell walls made up of peptidoglycans ( also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria (but not Archaea), Eukaryotic cell walls made up of cellulose or chitin. Gram positive bacteria: have large amounts of peptidoglycan Gram negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan but more lipopolysaccharides. This makes them more complex than gram positive and usually are more pathogenic (cell wall prevents antibiotics from entering and protects bacteria from immune systems). Contains DNA as plasmids. Cell Respiration occurs where? What is encapsulation? See next page

Know all* Some are photoautotrophs (harness sunlight for energy and use carbon dioxide for to make organic molecules) Some are photoheterotrophs (obtain energy from sunlight but get carbon from organic sources) Some are chemoautotrophs (obtain energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide to make organic molecules) Some are chemoheterotrophs (obtain energy from chemicals and carbon from organic molecules and are the largest and most diverse group of prokaryotes)

Shapes*: Bacilli: rod shaped Cocci: spherical Spirilla: spiral

Phylum Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)
Phylum Cyanophyta (blue-green algae)*: photosynthetic, contains chlorophyll and other pigments (red & yellow), undergo nitrogen fixation, are important ecologically!! Phylum Schizophyta: Class Myxobacteria: glide in movements similar to amoeba, secrete extracellular enzymes to digest like fungi

Class Spirochetes: are curved, spiral anaerobic parasites in warm blooded animals. Lyme disease caused by this type

Class Rickettsia: tiny rod, cocci, or thread-like (less than 1 micron) parasites living in arthropods which may be transmitted to animals (Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Most are harmless.

Phylum Actinobacteria: They can be terrestrial or aquatic
Phylum Actinobacteria: They can be terrestrial or aquatic. Actinobacteria is one of the dominant phyla of the bacteria. They include some of the most common soil life, freshwater life, and marine life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin, and thereby playing a vital part in organic matter turnover and carbon cycle. This replenishes the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of humus formation. Some are pathogenic causing tuberculosis or leprosy. Streptomycin is an antibiotic against these bacteria.

Phylum Proteobacteria (Eubacteria): They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, the Proteobacteria are named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea, capable of assuming many different shapes. Picture shows Escherichia coli.

Domain Archaea* Many live in extreme environments (and are called extremophiles). Extreme halophiles: salt lovers Extreme thermophiles: heat lovers Methanogens: live in anaerobic environments and give off methane as a waste product (many thrive in mud at bottom of lakes and swamps) . Marsh gas is methane bubbling up from swamps. Some inhabit mammalian digestive tracts (also aid in breakdown of cellulose in cattle, dear etc). Archaea also live in moderate environments like oceans

Other general considerations with prokaryotes:
Some release exotoxins (proteins released that can be poisons)…example tetanus is caused by an exotoxin released by Clostridium tetani. Endotoxins: are components of the bacterial membrane of gram negative bacteria released when the cell dies or is injured. These endotoxins may produce fever, aches, and hypotension. Meningitis is caused by these endotoxins (Neisseria meningitidis).

Domain Eukarya* Kingdoms: Protist Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdom Protista* Protozoa vs. Algae

PHYLUM PYRROPHYTA* Contain cell walls made of cellulose
Move using two flagellae Photosynthetic Usually reproduce asexually

PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA* Unicellular aquatic algae
Outer part of the cell has a firm and flexible layer called a pellicle Some are photosynthetic, others are heterotrophic. Euglena is a member What is an “eyespot”

PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYTA Cell walls composed to cellulose with a lot of silica Contain photosynthetic pigments Reproduce by cell division

PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA Animal-like protists
They eat either living matter of animals or decaying matter Swim in their environments with flagella Reproduce asexually with binary fission

PHYLUM SARCODINA/RHIZOPODA*
Capture food using a pseudopod Largest phylum of protozoans Contain forms with exterior shells Contain ameba (“naked forms”)

PHYLUM SPOROZOA/aPICOMPLEXA*
Can cause malaria because they are parasites Are heterotrophic organisms Toxoplasma is the most common found in humans

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA (CILIATES)*
They contain two nuclei Heterotrophic paramecia Swim by beating their cilia Can “hop” or “jump” with their cilia

PHYLUM OPALINIDA Covered in cilia or flagella
Are found in the digestive tracts of toads, fish and reptiles Are heterotrophic organisms

PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA* Also known as slime molds Produce spores
Ingests food by phagocytosis Were thought to be fungi however they ingest food differently Arcyria cinerea

PHYLUM ACRASIOMYCOTA*
Known as cellular slime molds Have pseudopods Are heterotrophic organisms Members of this phylum alter their appearances throughout their lives Dictyostelium

PHYLUM BACILARIOPHYTA*
Diatoms: have glass-like walls, freshwater and marine. Glass-like walls remain after they die and form diatomaceous earth Diatomaceous earth is a great filtering medium

PHYLUM CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
Cell walls contain chitin Also known as chytrids Are heterotrophic organisms

PHYLUM OOMYCOTA Cell walls contain cellulose
They cause mildews of plants Are heterotrophic organisms Also known as oomycetes

PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA* Are autotrophic (green algae)
Can live on water, snow, and tree trunks Unicellular and some are multicellular Microscopic organisms

PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA* Autotrophic organisms found in marine conditions
Contain chlorophyll a and c Cell walls contain cellulose Largest protists

PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA Autotrophic organisms found in warm marine water
Contain chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobilins (distinct color) Build up coral reefs

Kingdom Fungi*

PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA* Usually saprobes living in soil and feeding on dead plant or animal matter Some are parasites of plants, insects and soil mammals Are terrestrial

PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA Largest fungi division Spores are called conidia
Have perforated cell walls in which the cytoplasm and nuclei can leave and enter other adjoining cells

PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA*
Mushrooms are actually the spore producing body which is composed of tightly packed hyphae. Club fungi is an example. Mushrooms of the genus Amanita are the most poisonous

PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTA No sexual reproduction is known
Causes athletes foot and thrush Makes penicillin, cheese and other medicines

LICHENS* (not a fungus)
Algae and fungi in a symbiotic relationship Usually first to colonize barren land Begin process of soil formation

MYCORRHIZAE* (not a species)
“Fungus-roots” mostly from phylum Zygomycota Symbiotic relationship between a vascular plant root and a fungus

Kingdom Plantae*

SUPER PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA*
Do not have vascular tissue Small organisms Don’t have true roots but attach by rhizoids (elongated single cells) Need water for fertilization

PHYLUM/DIVISION* PTEROPHYTA*
Ancient plants (ferns) Simple stems when compared to those of gymnosperms or angiosperms Leaves may be divided into leaflets called pinnae Do not produce seeds In botany the term “division” means “phylum”

Super-Phylum Tracheophyta*: Vascular Plants

GYMNOSPERMS – Division Coniferophyta*
Vascular seed plants “Naked seeds” Contain subdivisions cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, and coniferophyta

ANGIOSPERMS /Division Anthophyta*
Supposedly evolved from extinct gymnosperms Flowering plants Vascular plants contain xylem and phloem Carpel made of stigma and style Class monocot and dicot

Kingdom Animalia*

PHYLUM PORIFERA* Sponges Sessile Mostly marine 2 layer perforated body
Water is drawn through body wall (collar cells) into animal where food/water is trapped and ingested. Flagella aid in the movement of water and food Hermaphroditic

PHYLUM MESOZOA Wormlike, live as parasites inside marine invertebrates
May have been flatworms that have become simplified due to a parasitic way of life

PHYLUM CNIDARIA OR COELENTERATA*
Aquatic hollow organisms Class hydrozoa contains the HYDRA 2 cell layers and sac like digestive system (gastrovascular cavity) Radially symmetrical Have nematocysts (stinging cells)

CLASS SCYPHOZOA Medusa form is dominant
Moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) is an example

CLASS ANTHOZOA Sea anemones and corals Each polyp can retreat
Polyps can form limestone, making a coral reef

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA Contain comb jellies and sea walnuts
Bioluminescent hermaphrodites

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHE*
Flatworms Have bilateral symmetry Contain classes Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda

CLASS TURBELLARIA Planaria*
Contain cilia for locomotion (only large animal that has cilia for locomotion) Great regenerative ability

CLASS TREMATODA Flukes Are parasites of mollusks and vertebrates
May infect turtles and fish as well Have a complex life cycle in hosts

CLASS CESTODA Tapeworms Are parasitic Found commonly in cats and dogs

PHYLUM NEMATODA Roundworms Contain 12,000 species
Are microscopic parasites Nematode is common

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA* Soft bodied organisms
Some have exterior shells to protect their soft bodies (not squid/octopus) Also known as Mollusks Have 3 major body regions: foot (movement), visceral mass (organs contained), mantle (which may secrete a shell).

CLASS BIVALVIA 7,500 species Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
Have 2 parts or a shell Clams have a “foot” that helps them move

CLASS GASTROPODA Contain snails, whelks, periwinkles, abalones and slugs Can digest cellulose

CLASS CEPHALOPODA* Most advanced invertebrates
Contain octopus and cuttlefish Octopus mother smart-protects her eggs

PHYLUM ANNELIDA* Include earthworm, leeches and sandworms
There are freshwater, terrestrial and marine leeches Hermaphroditic Segmentation throughout body Have metanephridia for excretion

CLASS OLIGOCHAETA Earthworms Segmented bodies Hermaphroditic
Mostly made up of terrestrial organisms Have a spacious body cavity Have setae

CLASS POLYCHAETA All marine Have tiny tentacles
Some segments have different functions (a condition called tagmosis) Have distinct head, trunk and tail regions

CLASS HIRUDINEA Leeches Have a sucker at each end
Some are bloodsucking No setae Secrete hirudin, a powerful anticoagulant

PHYLUM SIPUNCULA Peanut worm, have long retractable proboscis
No segmentation or setae

PHYLUM ECHIURA Spoon worms Long, unretractable proboscis Contain setae
No segmentation

PHYLUM PRIAPULIDA Have a retractable proboscis with spines
Marine worms Median anterior mouth Hermaphroditic organisms

PHYLUM POGONOPHORA Giant tube worm Live deep in ocean fissures
Worms living in long tube have segmented posterior end with setae but no mouth or digestive tract Tentacles absorb nutrients

PHYLUM PENTASTOMIDS Parasitic of vertebrate respiratory system
Primitive organisms Invertebrates Use hooks to attach to the host The anterior end of the body bears five protuberances, four of which are clawed legs, while the fifth bears the mouth

PHYLUM TARDIGRADA Segmented and microscopic organism
Called a “water bear” Found in fresh water and in the film of moisture in mosses Mouth has sharp points to eat plants “Slow walkers” as in name “tardi-grada”. Have 8 legs Named by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1777.

PHYLUM ONYCHOPHORA Caterpillar-like Have segmented body
Larger brains than other phyla Are terrestrial

PHYLUM PHORONIDA Live in tubes in ocean Shallow water
Can withdraw logophore (food gathering organ) when disturbed No segmentation

PHYLUM BRYOZOA OR ECTOPROCTA
Colonial organisms Divide labor among members Salt water organisms Secrete hard protective covering Look like patches of moss

PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA Bivalves
Have lophophore: a crown of tentacles that filters food particles out of the water Have annelid and arthropod characteristics 300 species Marine organisms many extinct

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA* Cephalization evident Jointed appendages
Segmented bodies Articulated exoskeletons containing chitin Excretion by way of Malpighian tubules Respiratory system by way of tracheae Open circulatory system

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA
No antennae No mandible First pair of appendages called chelicerae which have sharp pincers and are fanglike for biting prey

CLASS MEROSTOMATA Horseshoe Crab and Eurypterid Marine organisms
Contain many fossil species Possess compound eyes

CLASS PYCNOGONIDA Sea spiders 500 species Have long legs
Four pairs of legs (sometimes have 5) No respiratory system (exchange gasses by diffusion)

CLASS ARACHNIDA* 30,000 species Have eight legs, 2 body segments
Terrestrial organisms (some found in edge of aquatic environs). Spiders have spinnerets (produce silk) Have two pairs of appendages for feeding, defense, and sensory perception No antennae or wings Use chelicerae (1st pair of appendage) for feeding and defense (spiders can inject venom with these). Use pedipalps (2nd pair of appendage) to feed, locomotion,reproduction

CLASS CRUSTACEA* 25,000 species
Aquatic and live in marine or freshwater environments (some adapted to terrestrial environments like the woodlouse – pictured below) Motile Few are parasitic Have biramous appendages (The appendages of arthropods may be either biramous or uniramous. A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end).

CLASS DIPLOPODA 7,000 species
Are arthropods that have two pairs of legs per segment (except for the first segment behind the head which does not have any appendages at all, and the next few which only have one pair of legs). Eat dead plant matter Move slowly Head has mandibles Example is millipede

CLASS CHILOPODA Have segmented bodies with one pair of legs per segment Move rapidly Have forcipules are modifications of the first pair of legs, forming a pincer-like appendage always found just behind the head. Forcipules are not true mouthparts, although they are used in the capture of prey items, injecting venom and holding onto captured prey. Venom glands run through a tube almost to the tip of each forcipule. Terrestrial in damp areas Centipede is an example (you can see forcipule in lower picture)

CLASS INSECTA* 700,000 species Segmented body Exoskeleton
Only invertebrates that can fly Three interconnected units (head, thorax, abdomen) Thorax has six segmented legs Uniramous appendages only

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA*
Spiny skinned Most have radial symmetry Abundant in oceans Outstanding feature is their water vascular system Slow moving, spiny exoskeleton Have a water vascular system ending in tube feet that function in feeding/gas exchange/locomotion Sea urchin, starfish, sand dollars

CLASS STELLEROIDEA Starfish and brittlestars
Also known as class asteroidea Can regenerate lost arms Move by wiggling movements or tube feet

CLASS CRINOIDEA Sea lilies and feather stars Sessile
Have a U-shaped gut Anus located next to the mouth surrounded by feeding arms

CLASS OPHIUROIDEA Brittle stars and serpent stars
Look like stelleroidea except that the arms are clearly marked off the body Crawl using flexible arms

CLASS ECHINOIDEA Sea urchins and sand dollars Mouth contains teeth
Move by hundreds of tiny tube feet Move slowly Feed on algae

CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA Sea cucumbers Lack arms like echinoids Move slowly
Mouth has tentacles that secrete mucus Endoskeleton below the skin

PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA Arrow worms
Important components of marine plankton They also eat many copepods Feed near surface at night Heat adapted to catch prey with spines

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA Acorn worms (80 species)
Has 3 body areas: proboscis, collar and trunk Hemichordates have both features of echinoderms and chordates

PHYLUM CHORDATA Notochord at some stage of life
Dorsal tubular nerve cord Endoskeleton Ventral heart Post-anal tail at some stage in life history

SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
Tunicates Marine group including sea squirts Look nothing like other chordates, besides the fact that a notochord present in tadpole-larual stage

CLASS ASCIDIACEA Sea squirts Sessile
Secrete outer covering of polysaccharide (cellulose) Only animal to do this

SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
Amphioxus the lancelet 29 species Two genera Asymmetron and Branchiostoma Primitive organisms

Phylum Chordata* -SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Vertebrates (have a vertebral & spinal column) Vertebral column replaces the notochord Cephalization is pronounced 58,000 species

CLASS AGNATHA Jawless “fish” Lampreys
Resemble brachiostoma by sucking up mud containing microbes and organic debris Have a notochord but have a cartilaginous skeleton

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES*
Sharks and rays 250 species Skeletons of cartilage only Breathe through gills Some lay eggs and some live young Lateral line organs are special pressure receptors which detect water vibrations

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES* Also known as bony fish Gills Lay many eggs
Fresh and marine forms Have swim bladders which are gas-filled sacs which keep them buoyant Exist in saltwater and freshwater

CLASS AMPHIBIA* Frogs, salamanders, newts
Most amphibians must return to water to reproduce Lay soft-shelled eggs Adapted to land and water environments Have aquatic larval stage and metamorphosis into terrestrial adult.

ORDER URODELA 320 species Salamanders, mud puppies, newts
Most have 4 toes on the front legs and 5 toes on the back Can regenerate lost limbs

ORDER ANURA 4,810 species Tail-less(an- without, oura-tail)
Frogs, toads Have protruding eyes, long back legs, and no tail Lay their eggs in moist areas Develop as tadpoles

ORDER APODA 55 species Caecilians Resemble earthworms or snakes
Lack limbs entirely Tail either short or absent None in N.America

CLASS REPTILIA* Cold blooded 6,000 species Mostly Terrestrial
May live in water Hard shell egg Have lungs Dry skin covered by protective scales Turtles, crocodiles, lizards and snakes Dominated the land during Permian period

CLASS AVES* Birds are tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings but are bipedal Lay eggs Have lungs, feathers Are endothermic Are essentially reptiles specialized for flight (Archaeopteryx is the fossil found that is probably missing link between both)

CLASS MAMMALIA* Descended from reptiles
Became diversified after extinction of dinosaurs but their ancestors predated the dinosaurs Have hair, 3 middle ear bones, mammary glands and are endothermic Some have placenta

ORDER MONOTREMATA* Non-placental
Monotremes that lay eggs with shells but nurse them after hatching Duckbill platypus and spiny anteater Include Platypoda and Tachyglossa

ORDER MARSUPIALIA* Bear live “premature” young that must be kept in a pouch Non-placental (see discussion under “Placental Mammals”) Kangaroo and possum Front limbs highly developed at time of birth

Eutherians or Placental Mammals*
Placental mammals all bear live young, which are nourished before birth in the mother's uterus through a specialized embryonic organ attached to the uterus wall, the placenta. The placenta is derived from the same membranes that surround the embryos in the amniote eggs of reptiles, birds, and monotreme mammals. The term "placental mammals" is somewhat of a misnomer because marsupials also have placentae. The difference is that the placenta of marsupials is very short-lived and does not make as much of a contribution to fetal nourishment as it does in eutherians, as "placental mammals" are known scientifically.

ORDER INSECTIVORA Small insect-eating mammals
Moles, hedgehog (see below) and shrew (top right) are examples

ORDER DERMOPTERA Flying lemurs Use flaps of extra skin to glide
Large tree-dwelling animals Excellent binocular vision

ORDER CHIROPTERA* Bats Forelimbs are webbed and developed as wings
Capable of true and sustained flight Feed on fruit, insects or the blood of mammals

ORDER EDENTATA Sloths, anteaters, armadillos Known as Xenarthra
Lack front teeth Have two or three very long fingers on each hand

ORDER LAGOMORPHA Rabbits, hares, pikas Herbivores Long hind limbs
Teeth grow throughout their lives (constantly chewing to keep them short)

ORDER RODENTIA Have two constantly growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws Most eat seeds or plants Rodents make up the largest order of mammals

ORDER CETACEA Whales, dolphins and porpoises
Mammals best adapted to aquatic life Forelimbs are modified into flippers Nearly hairless Some very intelligent All marine except 4 species of dolphins The order contains two suborders, Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales, which includes dolphins and porpoises). The species range in size from Commerson's dolphin, smaller than a human, to the Blue Whale, the largest animal ever known to have lived.

ORDER CARNIVORA Primarily carnivores No fewer than 4 toes on each foot
Have large brains encased in a heavy skull Reproduce in litters

ORDER PINNIPEDIA Seals, sea lions and walruses
Semi-aquatic marine animals All are carnivores Females give birth frequently

ORDER PROBOSCIDEA Elephants (Asian Elephant, African Bush Elephant and African Forest Elephant) Herbivores Largest known land animals

ORDER PERISSODACTYLA Odd-toed ungulates (horses, tapirs, rhinos)
Grazing mammals Have simple stomachs and digest plant cellulose in their intestines

ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Even-toed ungulates
Foot has greater flexibility due to the astragalus Herbivores Include pigs, hippos, giraffes, buffalo , deer, moose and domestic cattle

ORDER PRIMATES* Divided into prosimians (which are not monkeys or apes: example lemurs)and simians (monkeys, apes and humans) All species possess adaptations for climbing trees Some walk on their knuckles

FAMILY HOMINIDAE Great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans) Humans are most closely related to earlier variations of the great apes

GENUS HYLOBATES Four genera of gibbons Characterized by 44 chromosomes
Have white rings around their faces

GENUS PONGO Orangutans Largest living arboreal animals
Hands have four long fingers and an opposable thumb (grasp with both hands and feet)

GENUS GORILLA Largest living primates Primarily herbivores
Ground-dwelling DNA of gorillas is close to that of humans (closest relatives are chimpanzees and humans)

GENUS PAN Chimpanzees Closest living relatives to humans
DNA is 99% identical to that of humans Arms are longer than legs and span half the length of the body

GENUS HOMO Genus that modern humans are most closely related to
2.5 million years old Evolved from early primates Humans belong to species Homo sapiens. Modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth.

Additional Terminology* (see handout)
Posterior vs. Anterior Dorsal vs. Ventral Superior vs. Inferior Cephalic vs. Caudal Bilateral vs. Radial Symmetry Distal vs. Proximal Thorax, Abdomen in Arthropods Bipeds and Quadruped. What are Appendages? Stereoscopic Vision

Diversity Of Life – Topic #12

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