1. LEARNING: Adaptive process in which the tendency to perform a particular behavior is changed by experience ( Carlson et al., 1999 ). Habituation Classical conditioning: S-S learning Operant ( instrumental ) conditioning: R- Reinforcement Cognitive learning

2. Classical Conditioning: Watson’s Little Albert CS - Rabbit -- Furry Objects US - Loud Noise UR - Fear (screaming, high HR) CR - Fear (screaming, low HR) CR -- Anticipatory Response

3. Instrumental (Thorndike) / Operant (Skinner) Conditioning Organism operates on Environment Behavior instrumental in obtaining reward or avoiding punishment Skinner --- Reinforcement (S ); S=stimulus, R=response Positive S -- S after R increases R -money for work Negative S -- Removal of S increases R -fear leads to studying Positive Pun. -- Application of S decreases R -slap on wrist Negative Pun. -- Removal of S decreases R -girl stops smiling when you do s.t. stupid ;R-cost Extinction -- R produces no longer expected consequences (S ). Spontaneous recovery—relearning of response Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) -- Frustration or Discrimination Hypotheses R R R R

4. Paid Weekly Degree after passing 20 courses Gambling machines ‘pop’ quizzes Extinction slowest after variable schedules -- Discrimination Hypoth. (less predictable). Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules (Skinner):

5. 1. Outcome independent of what O does 2. Strong reliable S-R relation already exists 3. Usually behavior controlled by autonomic NS 4. Involves involuntary Rs 5. Involves feelings or expectancies 6. Change is mainly in effectiveness of a S 7. S-S learning -- S predicts other S 1. Outcome depends on what O does 2. Variable Rs prior to learning 3. Usually behavior controlled by somatic NS 4. Involves voluntary Rs 5. Involves overt acts 6. Change is mainly in the strength of a R 7. R-Reinforcement learning -- Act - Outcome; Means - End O = organism; S = stimulus; R = response; NS=nervous system

6. Electric shocks can be provided to the floor of either compartment. If no signal precedes the shock, the animal learns to escape the shock by running from one compartment to the other when the shock comes on. If a signal ( such as light) precedes the shock in every trial, the animal learns to avoid the shock by running from one compartment to the other as soon as the signal comes on. Shuttle Box: (two-compartment escape & avoidance apparatus)