1. Respiration and Excretion

3.  Breathing is the movement of the chest that brings oxygen into the lungs and removes waste gases (carbon dioxide)  Oxygen that enters our lungs is carried by our blood to our cells  Simultaneously the digestive system is releasing glucose to our cells  The oxygen delivered to our cells is used to release energy from the glucose  This chemical reaction is known as respiration

4.  The combination of glucose and oxygen produce carbon dioxide, water and releases energy that is used by our cells  CO 2, and water are waste products that are carried back to the lungs in the blood and released when we exhale

6.  Air enters our body through the nostrils or mouth  The hairs in our nostrils trap dust  When breathing through our nose, air then passes through the nasal cavity where it is moistened and warmed by the body’s heat  Mucous in your nasal cavity also helps filter the air  Cilia in the nasal cavity sweeps mucous and trapped materials to the back of the throat to where it can be swallowed

7.  Tube-like passageway used by food liquid and air that enters your body through your mouth or nose.  The epiglottis is located at the lower end of the pharynx  Epiglottis is a flap of tissue that folds down when you eat to prevent food or liquid from entering into your lungs

8.  Once the air passes through the pharynx, it passes through the larynx  This airway is where your vocal cords are attached to  Forcing air between the vocal cords causes them to vibrate and produce sounds  Muscles tighten or loosen your vocal cords, which enables you to produce different sounds

9.  Air moves from the larynx into the trachea  It is a tube about 12 cm in length  Rings of cartilage keep the trachea from collapsing  Contains cilia and mucuous membranes, which trap dusts, bacteria and pollen  If the trachea collapsed, it would be difficult of even impossible to breathe

10.  Are two tubes that carry air into the lungs  Bronchus (singular)  Located at the end of the trachea  In the lungs the bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes  The smallest are called bronchioles  Alveoli are tiny, thin walled sacs at the end of each bronchiole  Air passes from the bronchi to the bronchioles to alveoli  The lungs are masses alveoli arranged in clusters

11.  Capillaries surround the alveoli  Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the capillaries and the alveoli  This exchange happens easily because the alveoli and capillaries are only 1 cell thick  The hemoglobin in the blood picks up the oxygen and carries it to our cells  At the same time wastes are leaving the capillaries and entering the alveoli and leave the body through exhalation

13. 1. Define lung disease. 2. What part/s of the respiratory system are affected by the disease? 3. What is the cause/s of the disorder? 4. How does this disease affect the respiratory system? 5. What are signs or symptoms of the disease? 6. What treatments are available to people with the disorder?

15.  The main function of the excretory system is to remove wastes from your body  Undigested material is eliminated by your large intestine  Waste gases are eliminated by the circulatory and respiratory systems  Some salts are eliminated when you sweat  The digestive, urinary, circulatory and respiratory systems work together as parts of the excretory system

16.  If wastes are not removed from your body, toxic substances build up in your body and damage your organs  This can lead to serious illness or death

17.  Rids the blood of wastes produced by the cells.  It is part of the excretory system  Removes excess water produced by body cells during respiration  The fluid levels in our body must be regulated in order for our body to stay healthy  The hypothalamus in our brain monitors the amount of water in our bodies

18.  When the brain detects too much water in our blood it releases less of a hormone  This signals the kidneys to return less water to the blood and increase the amount of wastewater called urine.  A certain amount of water is needed in the blood to aid in the movement of gases and the excretion of solid wastes  The urinary systems balances the amount of salt and water necessary for all cell activities

20.  Kidney Is the main organ we have 2 Located on the back wall of the abdomen, waist high Filters blood that contains wastes from cells Takes about 5 minutes for all of our blood to pass through our kidneys Made up of 1 million nephrons (filtering units)

21.  First filtration occurs when water, sugar, salt and wastes enter the cuplike structure of the nephron. The red blood cells and proteins are not filtered  Next this liquid is squeezed into a narrow tubule and the capillaries that surround the tubule perform a second filtration.  Most of the water, sugar and salts are reabsorbed and returned to the blood

22.  The purified blood returns to the main circulatory system through the renal vein attached to each kidney  The liquid left behind becomes urine and flows into collecting tubules

23.  Urine in the collecting tubules flow into the ureter, which is a funnel shaped area of each kidney  They are tubes that lead from each kidney to the bladder

24.  Is an elastic muscular organ that holds urine until it leaves the body  Can hold up to.5 L of urine  When full, the bladder is stretched and thin  When empty, the bladder is wrinkled and thick

25.  Is a tube that is connected to the bladder  Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body