1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 3.1 – 3.19 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

2. Cells and Tissues Slide 3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

3. Anatomy of the Cell Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

4. The Nucleus Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

5. Nuclear Membrane Slide 3.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Barrier of nucleus  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

6. Nucleoli Slide 3.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

7. Chromatin Slide 3.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Composed of DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

8. Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Other materials in plasma membrane  Protein  Cholesterol  Glycoproteins

9. Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2

10. Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

11. Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

12. Cytoplasm Slide 3.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  Inclusions  Non-functioning units

13. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

14. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

16. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

19. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes

20. Detail of a Golgi-apparatus (monkey)

21. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5

22. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances Esp. Hydrogen peroxide  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)  Replicate by pinching in half

23. Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells have peroxisomes. Since the early 1980s, a number of metabolic disorders have been found to be caused by molecular defects in the peroxisomes. Two major categories so far. First category is Disorders of Peroxisome Biogenesis (PBD) in which the organelle fails to develop normally, causing defects in numerous peroxisomal proteins. Second category includes involves defects of single peroxisomal enzymes..

24. At present, there are no treatments for these genetic disorders, save for genetic counseling http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.justgiving.com/images/charities/littlelemurs_logo.gif&img refurl=http://www.justgiving.com/littlelemurs&h=120&w=120&sz=7&hl=en&start=8&um=1&usg=__ZtZ VJ0SjbIrvzQ0yjrr- HOrCCYo=&tbnid=XAdjPiUaDUMWYM:&tbnh=88&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDisorders%2Bo f%2BPeroxisome%2BBiogenesis%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN The peroxisome biogenesis disorders are autosomal recessive. They occur in all countries and among all races and ethnic groups. They are diseases of extreme rarity, but any discussion of just how rare immediately falters. Estimates of birth frequencies vary from 1:30,000 to 1:150,000, but the level of conjecture is high. Consistent and reliable census data is itself the rarity Cerebro-hepatic-renal (Zellweger) syndrome Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD) Infantile Refsum disease (IRD)

26. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

27. Mitrochondria – the coolest organelle, has its own DNA.

28. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework

29. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.6

30. Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

31. Centrioles

32. Cellular Projections Slide 3.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell

33. Example of ?

34. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 1, 2

35. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 3

36. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 4, 5

37. Cell Diversity Slide 3.19d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 6, 7

38. PCD http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://w ww.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/Pag eMill_Images/Tran_Smiling_Xenopus.GIF&imgr efurl=http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/virtu alembryo/diversity.html&h=300&w=436&sz=51 &hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=_hv9CN4xWmq ESM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq %3Dcell%2Bdiversity%26svnum%3D10%26um %3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3 DN

41. A Drosophila bifurca male produces six sperm during the time a female needs to produce one egg. Other species of Drosophila make smaller sperm much faster.

42. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the primary carriers of oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body. The biconcave shape of the erythrocyte is an adaptation for maximizing the surface area across which oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. Its shape and flexible plasma membrane allow the erythrocyte to penetrate the smallest of capillaries.

43. Human smooth muscle, also referred to as visceral or involuntary muscle, is composed of slender, spindle-shaped cells. Controlled by the autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle cells help form the structure of the skin, blood vessels, and internal organs.

44. Cardiac muscle is a unique muscle tissue found only in the heart. Requiring a constant supply of oxygen, cardiac muscle will quickly die if obstructions occur in the arteries leading to the heart. Heart attacks occur from the damage caused by insufficient blood supply to cardiac muscle

45. This photomicrograph shows a number of multipolar nerve cells. The central cell body is clearly visible in each of the cells, as are the dendrites. The dendrites are short extensions of the nerve cell body that function in the reception of stimuli.

46. Bacteria, which are included within the kingdom Prokaryotae, are single-celled organisms lacking a well-defined internal cellular organization. The bacterium pictured here, exhibits the spirochete, or spiral, structure characteristic of many of the 1600 species of bacteria.