1. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering

2. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Sunrise or sunset ?

3. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

4. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

5. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Factors for the reproduction of the human society

6. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Figures of electrical energy generation (Germany 2001) Consumption (= generation) 515 TWh (515 10 9 kWh) + 2 % /a (1973) - per capita5,9 10 3 kWh Total capacity120 GW Sales volume60“ EUROslightly increasing Investments4“ EUROslightly increasing

7. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Share of primary energies for electrical energy generation Germany 2004 Nuclear energy28 % Lignite (CO 2 )26 % Coal (CO 2 ) 24 % Oil & gas (CO 2 ) 11 % Renewable11 % 60 % of electrical energy generation with CO 2 -emission.

8. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Primary energy balance for energy generation

9. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Kyoto-Protocol (1987) Reduction of CO 2 -emission Commitment:1990 – 2010 by 21 % Internal target:1990 – 2005 by 25 % reached:1990 – 2000 by 15 % CO 2 -emission/a:ca. 800 Mio. t (ca. 10 t per capita) Additionally nuclear get-off till 2030, i.e. 30 % of electrical energy (160 TWh) must be provided by renewable energy sources (or import ?)

10. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

11. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Electrical energy system

12. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Price for electrical energy

13. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

14. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Load profiles - describe the typical energy demand for certain customer groups, in the case the demand cannot be measured - used for the determination of mains rent - base for mains operation There are standard profiles for entire Germany. Utilities need most exact load profiles.

15. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Example for a load profile

16. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

17. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Average interruption

18. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Investments of the utilities

19. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Questions for condition assessment - Latest date for replacement (investment) ? - Optimum maintenance strategy ?

20. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

21. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Development of transmission voltages

22. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink 380 kV HV cable connection for European capitals

23. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink HVDC connections - HVDC-overhead transmission lines, e.g. in China + 500 kV; 1800 MW via 960 km - great importance for sea cable links, because HVAC is impossible - typical voltages 400... 500 kV - conventional oil-paper cable, but research to apply also extruded cables

24. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink HVDC-sea- connections in Northern Europe

25. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Future HVDC connections

26. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Tendencies of development - mains are completed - no higher transmission voltages - emphasis in the medium-voltage range - growing importance of power electronics Future developments: - Silicon power switches - Powerformer (Generator with 200 kV) - Current limiters by polymeric compounds and liquids - growing importance of information technologies

27. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

28. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Sun – the future energy source Incoming solar energy: 1,54 10 18 kWh/a World primary energy demand: 100 10 12 kWh/a (0,006 %) - Water power - Wind energy - Photovoltaic - Solarthermical Renewable energy sources are distributed ones !

29. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Wind power in Germany Installed power ca. 18 000 MW (2005) (30 % of world-wide installed wind power capacity) Wind power plants with 0,5... 1,5 MW power in wind parks with 5... 30... 50 MW power Problems: - forecast difficult - storage desirable but until now impossible - no commitments between wind park owners and utilities

30. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Wind records

31. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Development of wind power year20002030 Wind power9 000 MW42 000 MW, incl. 25 000 MW Off-shore Wind plant power0,5 … 1,5 MW5 MW Rotor diameter 30... 70 m100... 120 m Wind park power5... 30... 50 MW 200... 1 500 MW

32. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Wind speed distribution

33. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Off-shore wind park

34. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Erection of an off-shore wind plant

35. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Inverter concepts

36. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Transmission technologies

37. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Solar radiation in Europe Germany ca. 1 000 kWh/m 2 a South Europe Ca. 1 800 kWh/m 2 a Sahara: ca. 2 500 kWh/m 2 a

38. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Fluctuating photovoltaic energy

39. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Concept for short-time storage

40. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Renewable energy management

41. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Heat and power coupling Nuclear power plant Grafenrheinfeld P el = 1 345 MW,  = ca. 35 % Cooling power: 2 100 MW Equivalent heating power of a big city ! Conclusion: - Heat cannot be distributed economically over long distances. - Heating power must be generated decentralised, electrical energy becomes a „waste product“ of electricity generation. - Heat generation will determine future energy politics mainly.

42. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Energy consumption in Germany 30 % of the final energy consumption of private customers is used for heating and warm water generation !

43. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink PEM fuel cell (PEM – Proton Exchange Membran) Electrical power: 212 kW Heat power: 240 kW Operating temperature: 75 °C Dimensions L/W/H: 7,3 m / 2,4 m / 2,7 m η el = 34% η tot = η el + η th = 76 % - high-efficient, clean, low-noise - optimised partial load behaviour

44. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Energy generation today

45. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Virtual power station - energy generation tomorrow

46. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

47. W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Blooming landscape