1. The Roaring Twenties

2. Postwar Fears Nativism Fear of Communism Fear of Anarchy
Re-emergence of the KKK
Quota System
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
National Origins Act of 1924
Fear of Communism
Red Scare—Palmer Raids
Fear of labor agitators
Boston Police Strike (1919)
Steel Strike (1919)
American Federation of Labor—John L. Lewis
Fear of Anarchy
Sacco & Vanzetti

3. Presidents of the 1920s: A Return to Conservative Politics
Warren G. Harding
Republican
Elected in 1920 “Return to Normalcy”
March 1921 to August 1923 (died in office)
Domestic Agenda
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)—very high
Suspect Cabinet—”Ohio Gang”
Teapot Dome Scandal—Albert B. Fall
Foreign Policy
Isolationism & Peace Keeping
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
Dawes Plan
Warren G. Harding
Republican
Elected in 1920 “Return to Normalcy”
March 1921 to August 1923 (died in office)
Domestic Issues
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)—very high
Suspect Cabinet—”Ohio Gang”
Teapot Dome Scandal—Albert B. Fall
Foreign Policy
Isolationism & Disarmament
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
Dawes Plan

4. Presidents of the 1920s: A Return to Conservative Politics
Calvin Coolidge
Republican
Took office upon death of Harding (1923).
Re-elected 1924
August,1923 to March,1929
Domestic Issues
Cleaned up scandals of the Harding Administration.
Restored the image of the Republican Party.
“The business of America is business.”
Foreign Policy
Isolationism
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

5. Consumerism of the 1920s: “Spending Money Is the American Way”
Mass Production
Assembly line
Scientific management (Taylor)
Electrical Conveniences
Electricity available in more places
Refrigerators, Irons, Stoves, Toasters, Vacuums, Furnaces, Lighting
Shopping
Emergence of Advertising
Reinforce buying things that we don’t need
Create a need
Emergence of Credit
The installment plan
Down payment, Monthly payments, Interest
Buy now! Pay later!

6. Changes in Transportation: The Automobile
Henry Ford (assembly line)
Huge impact on society
Construction of paved roads
Patterns of settlement—suburbs
Petroleum industry
Rubber industry
Glass industry
Steel industry
Repair shops
Parking lots
Hotels & Motels
Restaurants
Amusement parks
Dating

7. 1920s Cultural Clashes: Religion vs. Science Nativists vs. Immigrants
Race: KKK rises again
Prohibition: “Drys” vs. “Wets”
Women’s roles: “New Woman” vs. Victorian

8. Cultural Changes: Fundamentalism vs. Modernism
Age-old argument
Religion (fundamentalists) vs. science
Often rural vs. urban
Scopes Trial
John Scopes—biology teacher in Tennessee
Clarence Darrow—defense attorney
William Jennings Bryan—prosecuting attorney
Outcome?

9. Immigration Literacy Test Quota System after WWI
1921 Emergency Quota Act
3% of those here in1910
1924 National Origins Act
2% of the people here in 1890
‘closing’ the Golden Door
Eugenics

10. Racism KKK rises again in 1915
Targets Blacks, Jews, Catholics, and Immigrants
“invisible Empire”
Led by an Imperial Wizard or Grand Dragon

11. New Woman vs. Victorian
First decade affected by the Nineteenth Amendment!
More women going to college.
Women moving into the work place.
Typewriters
Telephones
Married later with fewer children.
The Flapper
Dress
Behavior

12. Cultural Changes: Prohibition
18th Amendment: cannot “manufacture, sell, or transport” alcoholic beverages.
Volstead Act: outlined procedures to enforce the amendment—underfunded!
Urban vs. Rural– passed by rural strength
Drys vs. wets
Proof that the “Noble Experiment” failed!
Speakeasies
Bootleggers

13. Prohibition breeds crime
Crime on the Rise
Organized Crime:
Al Capone
Chicago gangster
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre
Jailed on tax evasion
NASCAR
Repealed in 1933 (21st Amendment)
Utah cast the deciding vote

14. Rise of Popular Culture: Magazines & Newspapers
Reader’s
Digest
Time
Life

15. Rise of Popular Culture: Literature
Sinclair Lewis
Main Street
Babbitt
F. Scott Fitzgerald
“The Jazz Age”
The Great Gatsby
Ernest Hemingway
The Sun Also Rises
A Farewell to Arms
Edna St. Vincent Millay

16. Rise of Popular Culture: Sports
Participation sports
Baseball
Football
Golf
Tennis
Swimming
Biking
Spectator sports
Boxing
Heroes
Gertrude Ederle
Jack Dempsey
George Herman “Babe” Ruth
Red Grange

17. Changes in Transportation: The Airplane
The Wright Brothers (1903)
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Use during World War I
“Flaming Coffins”
Observation
Dog Fights
Red Baron vs. Snoopy
1920 Transcontinental Airmail Service
Charles Lindbergh (May 20-21, 1927)
New York to Paris (nonstop)
Solo
33 hours, 29 minutes
Perhaps the greatest American hero of the 1920s!
Amelia Earhart

18. Rise of Popular Culture: Mass Media
The “Golden Age” of Radio
First commercial radio station—KDKA in Pittsburgh
News programs
Sports
Radio programs—comedy, drama, science fiction, children’s programs
Music

19. Rise of Popular Culture: Motion Pictures
Charlie Chaplain—”the little tramp”
Rudolph Valentino—”heart throb”
The Jazz Singer (1927)—first with sound
Steamboat Willie (1928)
Introduced Mickey Mouse to the world
First cartoon with sound

20. Rise of African American Culture: The Harlem Renaissance
Birth of art and literature in the Black community
By-product of the Great Migration
Writers
Claude McKay
Langston Hughes
Zora Neale Hurston

21. “The Lynching” by Claude McKay
His spirit is smoke ascended to high heaven.
His father, by the cruelest way of pain,
Had bidden him to his bosom once again;
The awful sin remained still unforgiven.
All night a bright and solitary star
(Perchance the one that ever guided him,
Yet gave him up at last to Fate's wild whim)
Hugh pitifully o'er the swinging char.
Day dawned, and soon the mixed crowds came to view
The ghastly body swaying in the sun:
The women thronged to look, but never a one
Showed sorrow in her eyes of steely blue;
And little lads, lynchers that were to be,
Danced round the dreadful thing in fiendish glee.

22. “A Negro Speaks of Rivers” By Langston Hughes
I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins.
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset.
I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers.

23. Rise of African American Culture: Marcus Garvey & the UNIA
Argued in opposition to NAACP
“Keep Black dollars in Black businesses & the Black community.”
“Back to Africa” Movement
Raised money
Purchased ships (Black Star Line)
Many sunk
Jailed for mail fraud. Deported from the country.

24. Rise of African American Culture: Jazz Music
Perhaps the greatest cultural symbol of the 1920s.
“Blended instrumental ragtime” with “vocal blues.” Improvised!
Performers:
Louis Armstrong (trumpet)
Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (piano)
Bessie Smith (vocals)

25. Sources http://www.sbhsd.k12.ca.us/sbhslib/reference/roaring20s.jpg