1. The Politics of War

2. Foreign Nations in War US blockade could have caused backlash from European Nations Europe instead recognized the Confederates as the “Belligerents” so essentially did not question blockade Initially hurt European markets Eventually, Britain no longer dependent on Southern Cotton BUT now Dependent on Northern wheat and corn Distracted with other problems o France – Mexico o Denmark and Poland

3. Britain in the Civil War The Trent Incident o Southern Delegates met on British ship to convince Britain to join their side o North stopped the ship and arrested the 2 men o Britain threatened war wanted US to apologize o Lincoln freed the men and said Captain was unauthorized in his actions, did not apologize though o Britain was Happy to not go to war, as was Lincoln

4. Britain in the Civil War Britain did not officially recognize the Confederacy Did sell Ships to the South The Alabama Sunk or captured 64 Union ships After the war, the US handed a bill of $19 million to Britain, they ignored, later forced to pay $15.5 million in damages.

5. Habeas Corpus Baltimore crowd attacked Union regiment, a week after Fort Sumter Lincoln sent fed troops Suspended habeas corpus in MD o Court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before court to determine why he or she is being jailed. o Strategy used to hold dissenters in jail

6. Effects of Suspension of Habeas Corpus Suspended in other states Seized telegraphs to make sure no one used wires for subversion President ignored chief of justice ruling that he went beyond presidential powers Copperhead – Northern democrats who advocated peace. o Congressman Clement Vallandigham tried in a military court for urging Union soldiers to dissent Lincoln showed dramatic expansion of presidential powers.

7. Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Henry W. Halleck Ulysses S. Grant

8. McClellan: I Can Do It All!

9. War in the East: 1861-1862

10. Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” 23,000 casualties September 17, 1862

11. Conscription Heavy casualties and widespread desertions made volunteer army dwindle Both sides called for a draft, but allowed men to:

12. The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

13. Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

14. Conscription Heavy casualties and widespread desertions made volunteer army dwindle Both sides called for a draft, but allowed men o Pay fee to avoid draft o Hire a Substitute

15. Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

16. Recruiting Blacks in NYC

17. NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

19. Draft Riots Northern resentment to the draft led to riots. It was unfair for poor white workers to fight for emancipation o Slaves would become free, move North, and take jobs. o Attacked well-dressed men and women, especially African Americans. 11 African Americans are lynched, homes are smashed, burned a black orphanage.

20. Conscription Heavy casualties and widespread desertions made volunteer army dwindle Both sides called for a draft, but allowed men to pay fee to avoid draft or provide a substitute About 92% of 2 million were still volunteers Led to riots, one in NYC o Wrecked draft offices o Attacked well dressed men o Lynched 11 African Americans o Burned black orphanage

21. Leading up to Emancipation Laws leading up o First Confiscation Act of 1861 – confiscation of any Confederate property, including Slaves o Forbade Union Army officers from returning fugitive slaves – March 1862 o Compensate slave owners who freed their slaves – April 1862 Battle of Antietam Sept 1862– gave Lincoln support Released emancipation on September 22, 1862 that stated it would go in effect Jan 1, 1863

22. WHY Emancipation Lincoln’s goal was to preserve the union, not abolition. o Felt didn’t have constitutional power South used slaves to build fortifications and grow food Lincoln can order troops to seize enemy resources, why couldn’t slaves be included in that? Strategic Purposes: o Discourage Britain from supporting the Confederacy o Hurt Southern War Efforts

23. Emancipation in 1863

24. The Emancipation Proclamation

25. The Southern View of Emancipation

26. Effects of Emancipation Only applied to non-captured CONFEDERATE states (not loyal slave states) Southern Response Confederates were furious and more determined to fight Compromise was no longer possible. Negative Northern Response, felt it would: o 1) prolong war by antagonizing the South o 2) did not care to fight for African Americans Positive North Responses Gave moral purpose to the North Free Blacks happy to join Union army now Former slaves fought

27. African-American Recruiting Poster

28. The Famous 54 th Massachusetts

29. August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

30. African-Americans in Civil War Battles

31. Black Troops Freeing Slaves

32. Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act

33. Morrill Tariff Act -1861 High protective tariff that increased duties 5%-10%. Increases were designed to raise additional revenue & provide more protection for the prosperous manufacturers. EFFECT : Protective tariffs became identified with the Republican Party, Upset foreign nations

34. Homestead Act -1861 FINALLY Passed in 1862 Promised ownership of a 160-acre tract of public land to a citizen who had resided on & cultivated the land for 5 years

35. Legal Tender Act -1862 Authorized use of paper notes to pay the government's bills. Ended the long-standing policy of using only gold or silver in transactions Allowed the government to finance the enormously costly war long after its gold and silver reserves were depleted. “Greenbacks”

36. Morrill Land Grant Act -1862 Transformed higher education Was responsible for the establishment of numerous colleges across the country. Under the terms of MLGA: o the federal government distributed land proportionately to the states o The proceeds of the land sales supported colleges o Some states used the money from the sale of land to aid existing schools, and other states used the money to establish new colleges and universities

37. Pacific Railway Act -1863 Authorized the construction of the first transcontinental railway line connecting the east and west coasts. Provided that after each railroad laid forty miles of track, it was to receive: o 6,400 acres of public lands o government loans ranging from $16,000 to $48,000 per mile of track completed.

38. National Bank Act -1863 Authorized the National Banking System. Designed to stimulate the sale of government bonds and to establish a standard bank-note currency. Banks who joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by the bonds.