1. Virus, Bacteria protista fungi (prokaryotes, eukaryotes)

2. Origin of Cells No one knows for sure, thought to be ____________ No one knows for sure, thought to be ____________ Earth formed: 4.5 billion years Earth formed: 4.5 billion years life origin: 2.5 b.y. life origin: 2.5 b.y.

3. Viruses Are they living organisms???? No ______________________________--

4. Viruses and Diseases 1. 1. Common cold – attack respiratory tract 2. 2. Measles – skin 3. 3. Rabies – nerve cells 4. 4. Herpes virus – mouth and lips, sexual transmission 5. 5. AIDS – white blood cells 6. 6. Ebola – a hemorrhagic fever 7. 7. Biological Weapons These diseases are difficult to fight!!!! Antibiotics - No effect! –Quick replication –High mutation rate

5. Prokaryotes most abundant, single cells most abundant, single cells organized organized  _________________  plasma membrane  cell wall Types: Types: 1. ______________ 2. archaea

6. 1. Bacteria Additional features : Additional features : –Flagella, long strands used in ____________ –Pili, short strands used as docking cables

7. Bacteria reproduce: ___________________ Bacteria reproduce: ___________________ bacteria exchange genetic information: conjugation bacteria exchange genetic information: conjugation

8. three shapes: three shapes: –Coccus: _______ –Bacillus: ______ –Spirillum: ____

9. 1. E. COLI 0157:H7 outbreaks in US, per year: outbreaks in US, per year: –73,000 infections/61 deaths infections from: infections from: –uncooked ground beef (cattle carry the pathogen in their intestines without getting sick) –contaminated dairy products –Vegetables, unpasteurized juice, petting zoos Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, kidney failure Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, kidney failure Prevention: _________________________- Prevention: _________________________- Bacteria-Foodborne illness

10. 2. Salmonella outbreaks: outbreaks: –40,000 cases/600 people die infected by: infected by: –contaminated ground beef, pork, eggs, poultry products –improperly pasteurized dairy products Symptoms: bloody diarrhea Symptoms: bloody diarrhea Prevention: good higiene, not to eat raw eggs (even cookie dough), meat well cooked Prevention: good higiene, not to eat raw eggs (even cookie dough), meat well cooked

11. 3. Campylobacter causing diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting causing diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting Outbreaks: Outbreaks: –1 million/100 people die infections from: infections from: –raw poultry meat, 80% chickens in US carriers

12. 2. Archaea from prokaryotic ancestors to eukaryotes from prokaryotic ancestors to eukaryotes live _____________________ live _____________________ cell walls different from bacteria with unique lipids and rRNA sequences cell walls different from bacteria with unique lipids and rRNA sequences

13. Eukaryotes Cells with ______________ Cells with ______________ Types: Types: –Protista, diverse group –multicellular kingdoms:  Fungi  Plants  animals

14. Are _______________ fungi, plants, or animals Are _______________ fungi, plants, or animals employ almost every form of __________________________ employ almost every form of __________________________ Reproduce: Reproduce: –asexually most of the time: fission and budding –sexually only in times of stress Some survive harsh environmental conditions by forming cysts, a dormant form of cell Some survive harsh environmental conditions by forming cysts, a dormant form of cell movement accomplished by diverse mechanisms: movement accomplished by diverse mechanisms:  Cilia  Flagella  Pseudopods  gliding mechanisms Protista

15. Types: Types:  single cell: paramecium, amoeba  Aggregation, transient collection of cells: slime molds  Colonial multicellular: permanent cells in contact: algae

16. Fungi Similar to plants but _______chlorophyll: heterotrophs Similar to plants but _______chlorophyll: heterotrophs differ from plants in: differ from plants in: 1.have filamentous bodies called ________ 2.have cell walls made of chitin

17. Reproduce: Reproduce: 1.asexually 2.Sexually reproductive structures: reproductive structures:  gametangia produce ______________-  sporangia produce haploid spores that can be dispersed

18. Heterotrophs: _______________________________________ ______________ Heterotrophs: _______________________________________ ______________ Fungi and bacteria: principal decomposers Fungi and bacteria: principal decomposers mutualistic associations ecologically important: mutualistic associations ecologically important: –Mycorrhizae: fungi-plant  expedite the plant’s absorption of essential nutrients in the roots –Lichens: fungi-algae (cyanobacteria)  can grow in harsh habitats, such as bare rock

19. Practice questions 1. Bacteria A) are prokaryotic B) have been on the earth for at least 2.5 billion years C) are the most abundant life form on earth D) All answers are correct 2. Viruses are: A) protein coats that contain DNA or RNA B) simple eukaryotic cells C) simple prokaryotic cells D) Alive

20. 3. The main problem in classifying protists is that: A) all have a common lifestyle B) all are unicellular C) all are photoautotrophic D) any eukaryotic organism that is not plant, animal, or fungi is a protist 4. The main body of a fungus is the ________ 5. Fungi reproduce both _______ 6. Lichens are mutualistic associations between _______