1. Introduction to the Kingdoms Of Life Chapter 19

2. How do scientists organize all living organisms? Scientists classify and organize organisms based on multiple characteristics. Of of the first main characteristics were whether the organisms were prokaryotic or eukaryotic If you can tell me the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms raise your hand If you can give me an example of a prokaryotic organism raise your hand

3. The Three Domains of Life Bacteria- thought to be the oldest living thing (contains organisms in kingdom Eubacteria) - Prokaryotic Archaea- contains Archaebacteria - Prokaryotic Eukarya- contains all four eukaryotic kingdoms (protist, animals, plants and fungi) - Eukaryotic

4. The 6 Kingdoms of Life To organize and classify all organisms into the six kingdoms of life required scientists to look closely at many other characteristics. These included: Lack of or presence of a cell wall (ex: plants, bacteria, fungi vs. animal cells) Unicellular or multicellular (ex: bacteria vs. humans) Autotroph or heterotroph (ex: plants vs. cats) Asexual or Sexual reproduction (ex: bacteria, plants vs. sex cells)

5. Kingdoms Can you name the 6 kingdoms of life? You should be able to! Try to list them in your packet. Eubacteria (Bacteria) Archaebacteria Protists Fungi Plant Animal

6. Kingdom Archaebacteria & Bacteria Today we are going to focus on two kingdoms – Archaebacteria & Bacteria Archaebacteria List everything you KNOW about Kingdom Archaebacteria in the box in your notes

7. Archaebacteria This kingdom is more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria because of the contents of lipids in their cell walls We call our cell membranes phospho_______ bi______ Can you fill in the blanks? Live in extreme environments Ex: Methanogens – live in mud of swamps and are poisoned by even traces of oxygen Ex: Extremophiles – live in places of very high temperature, extremely salty conditions, and extremely acidic conditions Nonextrememe – live in the same environments as bacteria

8. Kingdom Bacteria Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth. There are more bacteria living in your mouth, than there are mammals on Earth! Circle the correct answer in your notes. Bacteria are… Unicellular or Multicellular? Double or single Strand DNA? Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Asexual or Sexual? Good or bad for us? Or BOTH?

9. Kingdom Bacteria Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth. There are more bacteria living in your mouth, than there are mammals on Earth! Circle the correct answer in your notes. Bacteria are… Unicellular or Multicellular? Double or single strand DNA? Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Asexual or Sexual? Good or bad for us? Or BOTH?

10. Antibiotics Ever taken an antibiotic? - Thank Fleming!! Alexander Fleming noticed a fungus in his lab growing in a petri dish with NO bacteria surrounding it. He figured out that the fungus called PENECILLIN was killing the bacteria! Think – Pair – Share What do you know about antibiotic resistance? Think about how fast bacteria reproduce If you don’t finish the full course of an antibiotic what could happen?

11. The Good & The Bad The Bad..

12. The Good & The Bad The Good… Found in foods we eat to keep our bodies at homeostasis and functioning properly – ex: pickles, cheese, vinegar, yogurt Can be used to clean up oil and chemical spills. Also road kill. Used in genetic engineering to make drugs and complex chemicals

13. Bacteria Cell Shapes Bacillus- rod shaped cell Coccus- round shaped cell Spirillum- spiral cell Capsule- gel-like layer around cell wall

14. Yogurt Bacteria Round 2! Lets try to see the strepococci bacteria found in bacteria! Look out for these

15. Viruses THINK – PAIR – SHARE Think about all the characteristics of living things that make them a living thing Think about what you believe a virus is. Is a virus a living or non living thing?

16. Viruses are NON LIVING Viruses are smaller than prokaryotes and do not contain cells Viruses do not grow, do not have homeostasis, and do not metabolize Viruses are **Pathogens: agents that cause disease

17. Viral Structure Protein coat (capsid) contains RNA or DNA Membrane (envelope) around capsid helps virus enter cells. Consists of proteins, lipids and glycoproteins Bacteriophages- virus that infect bacteria- has tail

18. Viral Reproduction Viruses must rely on living things (host cells) for replication – it must first infect a living cell An animal cell virus enters a host cell by endocytosis

19. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Structure of HIV Has an envelope that allows it to enter host cell Inside the envelope is the capsid which holds the viruses genetic material Outside the envelope are spikes composed of glycoproteins The spikes precisely fits a human cell receptor to begin the infection!

20. How HIV Infects Cells Viruses must attach to a host cells specific receptor to infect the cell HIV STEP 1: Attachment HIV has specific glycoproteins that fits a human cell receptor perfectly HIV STEP 2: Entry Once HIV is attached to the receptor it activates a second receptor that allows it to enter the cell through endocytosis

21. How HIV Infects Cells HIV Step 3: Replication Replication occurs when an enzyme called reverse transcriptase copies the viral RNA into complementary DNA This creates many copies of the virus and new viruses are released from the cell by budding HIV continues to replicate from years. HIV infected people can live for years without symptoms Eventually, AIDS will arise and the body will be unable to defend itself against infections

22. Viral & Emerging Diseases The most lethal virus is the flu Other examples: West Nile Mad Cow Viroid’s in plants Herpes

23. HIV Transmission THINK – PAIR – SHARE What do you know about how HIV is transmitted? Can you think of the three ways HIV can be transmitted and how you can prevent this from happening?

24. Kingdom Protista Remember them? Protists are the most diverse of all organisms with such a broad array of characteristics Many mimic organisms from all other kingdoms (plant, fungi, animal). Some are photosynthetic and others heterotrophs Ex: Slime Molds

25. Kingdom Protista Using pages 460 – 463 in your textbooks, complete the general characteristics for Protists in your notes Then, using pages 464 – 470, pick three different types of protists (ex: Amoeba, Brown Algae, and Euglena) Create a poster comparing your three protists. You will only have until the end of class to complete this. Include the following information and if time a drawing of your protists: Uni/multicellular Pro/Eukaryotic How they move How they feed Their Habitat Other Special Characteristics

26. Kingdom Fungi Think – Pair – Share How many different types of fungus can you think of? Mushrooms Molds Ringworm, Athletes Foot Yeast Where have you seen fungi growing? What conditions are most favorable for fungi?

27. Kingdom Fungi Use pages 482 – 484 in your textbook to complete the characteristics chart in your notes and pages 490 – 491 to answer the questions on symbiotic relationships in Fungi

28. Videos Bacteria - http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/11127531 42/what-is-bacteria/ http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/11127531 42/what-is-bacteria/ Virus Crisis - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/science/health- human-body-sci/health/virus-crisis-sci/ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/science/health- human-body-sci/health/virus-crisis-sci/ Protists - http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/11127545 92/what-is-a-protist/ http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/11127545 92/what-is-a-protist/ Fungi - http://www.history.com/videos/a-world-without- fungi#a-world-without-fungihttp://www.history.com/videos/a-world-without- fungi#a-world-without-fungi Plants - http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/green- kids/plants-kids/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/green- kids/plants-kids/