1. Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Components of the Vascular System
Tunics (Layers) Around Blood Vessels
Blood Vessel Types
Movement of Blood Through System
Capillary Beds and Diffusion
Major Arteries and Veins of the Body
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Fetal Circulation

2. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Taking blood to the tissues and back
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

3. The Vascular System Three layers (tunics) Tunic intima Tunic media
Endothelium
Tunic media
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Tunic externa
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Figure 11.8b

4. Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

5. Movement of Blood Through Vessels
Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
Expansion of vein walls when lungs inflate pulls pulmonary artery blood in
Figure 11.9

6. Capillary Beds Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels
Vascular shunt – directly connects an arteriole to a venule
Shunt operates during trauma, cold temps
Figure 11.10

7. Capillary Beds True capillaries – exchange vessels
Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood
Figure 11.10

8. Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
Internal carotid artery
Arteries that supply
the upper limb
External carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Axillary artery
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Brachial artery
Aortic arch
Ascending aorta
Radial artery
Coronary artery
Ulnar artery
Thoracic aorta (above
diaphragm)
Deep palmar arch
Celiac trunk
Superficial palmar arch
Abdominal aorta
Digital arteries
Superior mesenteric artery
Arteries that supply
the lower limb
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
External iliac artery
Common iliac artery
Femoral artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Popliteal artery
Anterior tibial artery
Internal iliac artery
Posterior tibial artery
(b) Illustration, anterior
view
Arcuate artery

9. The Arm and Thorax Vertebral artery Common carotid arteries
Thyrocervical trunk
Suprascapular artery
Left subclavian artery
Costocervical trunk
Right subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Thoracoacromial artery
Axillary artery
Posterior intercostal
arteries
Posterior circumflex
humeral artery
Anterior intercostal
artery
Anterior circumflex
humeral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Descending aorta
Subscapular artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Brachial artery
Deep artery of arm
Radial artery
Common
interosseous
artery
Ulnar artery
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch
Digital arteries
Figure 19.23b

10. Arterial Supply of the Brain
Anterior
Cerebral arterial
circle
(circle of Willis)
Frontal lobe
Optic chiasma
• Anterior
communicating
artery
Middle
cerebral
artery
• Anterior
cerebral artery
Internal
carotid
artery
• Posterior
communicating
artery
Mammillary
body
• Posterior
cerebral artery
Temporal
lobe
Basilar artery
Vertebral artery
Pons
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Posterior
(d) Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view, right side
of cerebellum and part of right temporal lobe removed)

11. Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
Veins that drain
the upper limb
Dural venous sinuses
External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Vertebral vein
Axillary vein
Internal jugular vein
Cephalic vein
Right and left
brachiocephalic veins
Brachial vein
Basilic vein
Superior vena cava
Median cubital vein
Great cardiac vein
Ulnar vein
Hepatic veins
Radial vein
Splenic vein
Digital veins
Hepatic portal vein
Veins that drain
the lower limb
Renal vein
Superior mesenteric
vein
External iliac vein
Femoral vein
Inferior vena cava
Inferior mesenteric vein
Great saphenous vein
Common iliac vein
Popliteal vein
Internal iliac vein
Posterior tibial vein
Anterior tibial vein
(b) Illustration, anterior
view. The vessels of the
pulmonary circulation
are not shown.
Small saphenous vein
Dorsal venous arch
Dorsal metatarsal veins

12. Hepatic Portal Circulation
Figure 11.14

13. Pressure/Pulse Points
Superficial temporal
artery
Facial artery
Common carotid
artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial
artery
Dorsalis pedis
artery
Figure 19.12

14. Circulation to the Fetus
Modif 1
Modif 2
Handling of collapsed lungs

15. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
Normal BP is 120/75-80
Blood pressure animation online
Listen for the sounds of Kortokoff
Using a cuff online

16. Comparison of Blood Pressures
Disease causing blood pressure change
Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of the artery walls and decrease of elasticity, restricting flow and increasing blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis: A specific type of arterosclerosis where arteries are clogged by an accumulation of plaques: cholesterol particles (lipoproteins), fat, calcium, cellular waste and other substances.
One-way valves in veins prevent backflow where positive pressure is at a mininum

17. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
BP = CO x TPR
Neural factors
Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division): vasoconstriction
Renal factors
Regulation by altering blood volume: salt and water retention
Renin – hormonal control
Temperature
Heat has a vasodilating effect
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Chemicals
Various substances can cause increases or decreases
Diet
High salt causes elevated BP

18. Variations in Blood Pressure
Human normal range is variable
Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness or physical conditioning
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic

19. Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System
A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by the fourth week
The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of seven weeks
Few structural changes occur after the seventh week
Congential heart defects sometimes arise
Hypertrophy of the heart occurs through regular aerobic exercise
Varicose veins develop as we age, along with atherosclerosis, & hypertension
Congenital Heart Defects
Varicose Veins