2. By Loren Miller

3. THE PRESIDENCY “No man will ever bring out of the Presidency the reputation which carries him into it. To myself, personally, it brings nothing but increasing drudgery and daily loss of friends.” Thomas Jefferson

4. THE PRESIDENCY “As to the presidency, the two happiest days of my life were those of my entrance upon the office and my surrender of it.” Martin Van Buren

5. THE PRESIDENCY “After the White House what is there to do but drink!” Franklin Pierce

6. THE PRESIDENCY After Vice President Truman heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, he said to a small collection of reporters: “Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now.”

7. THE PRESIDENCY “All the president is, is a glorified public relations man who spends his time flattering, kissing, and kicking people to get them to do what they are supposed to do anyway.” Harry Truman

8. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCY Chief Clerk: 1789-1836 Presidents perform administrative duties that Congress requests. Presidents perform administrative duties that Congress requests. Government is best that governs the least. Government is best that governs the least. Presidents focused their attention on foreign affairs while Congress focused on domestic matters. Presidents focused their attention on foreign affairs while Congress focused on domestic matters. Madison found himself unable to fund the War of 1812 and unable to raise an army. Madison found himself unable to fund the War of 1812 and unable to raise an army. The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine Congress forged key compromises on slavery and paid of most of the national debt. Congress forged key compromises on slavery and paid of most of the national debt. Andrew Jackson, an outsider, grabs the reins of government and remakes the presidency. Andrew Jackson, an outsider, grabs the reins of government and remakes the presidency. Forced out Cabinet members who disagreed with him. Forced out Cabinet members who disagreed with him. Introduced the spoils system. Introduced the spoils system.

9. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCY Weakened Presidency: 1837-1900 Andrew Jackson’s popularity and energetic personality raised the profile of the office. However, those who followed Jackson (with some exceptions) reverted back to “chief clerk.” Exceptions include: Andrew Jackson’s popularity and energetic personality raised the profile of the office. However, those who followed Jackson (with some exceptions) reverted back to “chief clerk.” Exceptions include: James Polk: westward expansion; used his power as commander in chief to instigate war with Mexico; acquired California, Arizona and Oregon Territory. James Polk: westward expansion; used his power as commander in chief to instigate war with Mexico; acquired California, Arizona and Oregon Territory. Abraham Lincoln: blockaded southern ports; suspended the writ of habeas corpus; spent money without Congressional approval; raised an army without Congressional approval. Abraham Lincoln: blockaded southern ports; suspended the writ of habeas corpus; spent money without Congressional approval; raised an army without Congressional approval. Abraham Lincoln reinterpreted Article II into a source of executive authority during emergencies. Abraham Lincoln reinterpreted Article II into a source of executive authority during emergencies.

10. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCY The Modern Presidency: 1901-1945 As the United States industrialized and became a significant player in an interconnected world, the power of the presidency grew accordingly. As the United States industrialized and became a significant player in an interconnected world, the power of the presidency grew accordingly. Theodore Roosevelt used the office as a “bully pulpit.” He wanted to be “the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral.” Theodore Roosevelt used the office as a “bully pulpit.” He wanted to be “the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral.” Bold assertions of presidential power: The Stewardship Theory Bold assertions of presidential power: The Stewardship Theory Breaks up corporate monopolies Breaks up corporate monopolies Initiates a Panamanian revolution Initiates a Panamanian revolution Wins a Nobel Peace Prize (mediating Japan/Russia) settlement Wins a Nobel Peace Prize (mediating Japan/Russia) settlement Sends fleet around the world Sends fleet around the world First president to travel to a foreign country First president to travel to a foreign country

11. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCY The Modern Presidency: 1901-1945 Woodrow Wilson achieved some significant successes and suffered some great failures. Woodrow Wilson achieved some significant successes and suffered some great failures. Achieved industrial reforms Achieved industrial reforms Led the United States into World War I Led the United States into World War I Led efforts to create a League of Nations Led efforts to create a League of Nations Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Permanent bureaucracies Permanent bureaucracies Social Security and unemployment insurance Social Security and unemployment insurance Use of the media to communicate directly with the public—fireside chats Use of the media to communicate directly with the public—fireside chats Lend-Lease Program prior to U.S. involvement in WWII (without consent of Congress) Lend-Lease Program prior to U.S. involvement in WWII (without consent of Congress) Gave Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for rights to build military based on British territory (without consent of Congress) Gave Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for rights to build military based on British territory (without consent of Congress) The national government became the focus of power The national government became the focus of power

12. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCY Imperial Presidency Under Attack: 1945-1980 By the end of World War II, the presidency had become a very powerful office and emphasis on the “cold war” in the 1950s and 1960s added to the president’s power. By the end of World War II, the presidency had become a very powerful office and emphasis on the “cold war” in the 1950s and 1960s added to the president’s power. The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine Sending troops to Vietnam Sending troops to Vietnam Watergate, Richard Nixon’s resignation and Jimmy Carter’s inability to resolve the Iranian hostage situation frustrated the public and the presidency came under increasing attacks from Congress. Watergate, Richard Nixon’s resignation and Jimmy Carter’s inability to resolve the Iranian hostage situation frustrated the public and the presidency came under increasing attacks from Congress.

13. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESIDENT at least 35 years of age at least 35 years of age have lived in the United States 14 years have lived in the United States 14 years be a natural born citizen of the United States be a natural born citizen of the United States

14. PRESIDENTIAL TRIVIA Only divorced president: Reagan Only divorced president: Reagan Only bachelor president: Buchanan Only bachelor president: Buchanan Shortest Term: Harrison (1 month) Shortest Term: Harrison (1 month) Largest President: Taft (350 pounds) Largest President: Taft (350 pounds) Smallest President: Madison (95 Smallest President: Madison (95 pounds) pounds) Youngest President: Roosevelt (42) Youngest President: Roosevelt (42) Oldest President: Reagan (77) Oldest President: Reagan (77)

15. INFORMAL CRITERIA FOR PRESIDENT Political Experience Political Experience 1868-1956 gubernatorial experience preferred 1868-1956 gubernatorial experience preferred 1960-1972 senatorial experience preferred 1960-1972 senatorial experience preferred 1972 to the present ??????? 1972 to the present ??????? Vice-president?? Vice-president??

16. INFORMAL CRITERIA FOR PRESIDENT Vice-president?? Vice-president?? VPs who became President by election: 1800s – Adams, Jefferson, Van Buren 1800s – Adams, Jefferson, Van Buren 1900s – T. Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, Nixon, Johnson, Bush 1900s – T. Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, Nixon, Johnson, Bush Military Hero?? Military Hero??

17. THE VICE PRESIDENCY If Washington is called “Mr. President,” then you need to call me “Your superfluous excellency.” John Adams, our first Vice President “[The Vice Presidency] is the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.” John Adams

18. THE VICE PRESIDENCY “The Vice Presidency isn’t worth a warm bucket of piss.” John Nance Garner, one of FDR’s Vice Presidents “I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead.” Daniel Webster, on not accepting the Vice Presidency

19. THE VICE PRESIDENCY “A little over a week ago, I took a rather unusual step for a vice president... I said something.” Spiro Agnew, Vice President under Richard Nixon “Look at all the Vice Presidents in history. Where are they? They were about as useful as a cow’s fifth teat.” Harry S Truman, one of FDR’s Vice Presidents Eisenhower/Nixon

20. THE VICE PRESIDENCY n Possibly our worst Vice President was Thomas Marshall (Wilson’s VP) n “As vice president, I am responsible for nothing and influential nowhere” “My job is like a monkey cage– except that visitors do not offer me peanuts” In his inaugural address he promised to “acknowledge the insignificant influence of the office” He once told a bodyguard that “his job was pointless as no one every shoots a Vice President”

21. THE VICE PRESIDENCY n Recent vice presidents have been given greater access to the president and have been given more responsibilities than earlier vice presidents. –Al Gore and Dick Cheney –Would Joe Biden have accepted the vice presidency unless he was given access and responsibilities?

22. INFORMAL CRITERIA FOR PRESIDENT Executive Ability Executive Ability the ability to hire good people the ability to hire good people Ideology Ideology middle of the road middle of the road

23. INFORMAL CRITERIA FOR PRESIDENT Physical Stamina Physical Stamina Mental Stability Mental Stability Knowledge of the Issues Knowledge of the Issues

24. PRESIDENTIAL OATH PRESIDENTIAL OATH “I _____ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” -- Washington added “So help me God” and others followed this tradition -- Why do presidents have the choice of “swear or affirm” -- So Quakers could run for the office -- Only Franklin Pierce (1853) “affirmed”

25. THE NOMINATION PROCESS 1. Defining Possible Candidates and Leading Contenders 2. The Primaries and Delegate Selection 3. The Convention

26. THE NOMINATION PROCESS Defining Possible Candidates and Leading Contenders “No one wants to back a loser” Key Money Raisers (“Fat Cats”) Key Money Raisers (“Fat Cats”) Hollywood Influentials Hollywood Influentials Media Commentary Media Commentary Party Influentials Party Influentials Interest Groups Interest Groups

27. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Primaries and Delegate Selection Primaries and Caucus Importance of primaries: Importance of primaries: In 1912 12 Democratic 13 Republican In 1912 12 Democratic 13 Republican In 1980 31 Democratic 35 Republican In 1980 31 Democratic 35 Republican In 2008 38 Democratic 40 Republican In 2008 38 Democratic 40 Republican

28. When States Select Delegates 2004200020082012* *Many states had their selection process delayed because of redistricting challenges

29. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Primaries and Delegate Selection Primaries and Caucus Until 1968 Until 1968 delegates selected by party leaders delegates selected by party leaders all states are important all states are important party dominated party dominated open conventions open conventions

30. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Primaries and Delegate Selection Primaries and Caucus Since 1968 Since 1968 candidate dominated candidate dominated most delegates selected by primaries most delegates selected by primaries early states are important early states are important closed conventions closed conventions

31. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Convention Purpose Role of the media Role of the media Cross-section of the American public? Cross-section of the American public? Likelihood of deadlock? Likelihood of deadlock? Post-convention “surge” Post-convention “surge” ** 2012: R: Tampa D: Charlotte

32. THE NOMINATION PROCESS Week of the year that the candidate won a majority of delegates

33. THE ELECTION A Majority of American Voters Decide How to Vote Before the Fall Campaign Begins. Many decide even before the primaries.

34. THE ELECTION Voters who supported Obama (in %) Voters who supported Romney (in %) 2012 Election

35. THE MONEY FACTOR In Millions

36. THE ELECTION JibJab

37. THE ELECTION The Electoral College Why?? How do we choose a president without political parties (they were frowned upon), without national campaigns (the office seeks the person rather than the person seeks the office), and without upsetting the balance between the executive and legislative branches and the national and state governments?

38. THE ELECTION The Electoral College Why?? Have Congress choose the president: This would lead to hard feelings among members of Congress and would lead to unsightly political bargaining Have the state legislatures choose the president: This would lead to an erosion of federal authority as the president would be too beholding to certain states Have the president elected by direct popular vote: People would not be aware of a candidate who was not local and would vote for their “favorite son” and no person would emerge with a popular majority. Finally, the “Committee of Eleven” proposed an indirect election of the president through a College of Electors.

39. THE ELECTION The Electoral College The Electoral College was expected to be composed of “free electors” who could vote for anyone. The person who came in first would become president and the runner-up would be vice-president. If nobody had a majority of votes, then the election would go into the House. Our Founding Fathers expected that almost all elections would be determined in the House of Representatives as they expected many candidates to receive electoral votes. This worked well until the formation of political parties. By 1796, the electors were no longer “free electors” but had become “partisan electors.”

40. THE ELECTION The Electoral College Each state has the number of electors equal to the number of their members in the House and the Senate H + S = # of Electors (Texas) 36 + 2 = 38 Electors (USA) 435 + 100 + 3 (DC) = 538 Electors A majority of 538 (270) is needed to win

41. THE ELECTION The Electoral College The objective is to obtain 270 electoral votes The objective is to obtain 270 electoral votes Instead of 1 presidential election, we have 51 separate presidential elections Instead of 1 presidential election, we have 51 separate presidential elections To win Texas’s electoral vote, the candidate must obtain a plurality of popular votes in the state To win Texas’s electoral vote, the candidate must obtain a plurality of popular votes in the state So where does a candidate campaign?? So where does a candidate campaign?? In 2012, 93% of party resources were spent in only 9 states. In 2012, 93% of party resources were spent in only 9 states.

42. The Battleground States 2012 New Hampshire (4) Virginia (13) North Carolina (15) Ohio (18) Iowa (6) Colorado (9) Nevada (6) Florida (29) Wisconsin (10) (110) http://www.270towin.com

43. HOW OBAMA WON Vote By Gender: 47% Male; 53% Female Obama: 47% Male; 55% Female Romney: 53% Male; 45% Female Vote By Age: 18-29 19%; 30-44 27%; 45-64 38%; 65+ 16% Obama: 60% 18-29; 52% 30-44; 51% 45-64; 44% 65+ Romney: 40% 18-29; 48% 30-44; 49% 45-64; 56% 65+ Vote By Size of Place: 32% Urban; 47% Suburban; 21% Rural Obama: 63% Urban; 49% Suburban; 39% Rural Romney: 37% Urban; 51% Suburban; 61% Rural

44. HOW OBAMA WON Vote By Race: 73% White; 13 % Black; 10% Latino; 3% Asian Obama: 41% White; 93% Black; 71% Latino; 73% Asian Romney: 59% White; 7% Black; 29% Latino; 27% Asian Vote By Income: 41% Under 50K; 31% 50-100K; 28% 100K + Obama: 62% Under 50K; 53% 50-100K; 46% 100K + Romney: 38% Under 50K; 47% 50-100K; 54% 100K + Vote By Religion: 53% Protestant; 25% Catholic; 2% Jewish; 7% Other; 12% None Obama: 42% Protestant; 51% Catholic; 69% Jewish; 75% Other; 70% None Romney: 58% Protestant; 49% Catholic; 31% Jewish; 24% Other; 30% None

45. How Presidents and Vice Presidents are Chosen Acetate P–2

46. POPULAR VOTE VS. ELECTORAL VOTE

48. Robin Williams

49. THE ELECTION The Electoral College The Electoral College has reversed the outcome three times: 1876 (Hayes v. Tilden), 1888 (Harrison v. Cleveland), 2000 (Bush v. Gore). The House of Representatives has decided two elections: 1800 (Jefferson v. Burr), 1824 (Adams v. Jackson v. Clay) In 18 of 56 presidential elections (Washington to Obama), the winning candidate did not have a majority of popular votes.

50. ELECTORAL COLLEGE REFORMS Direct Popular Vote Direct Popular Vote Proportional Voting Proportional Voting District Plan District Plan

51. DISTRICT PLAN R = 100 D = 85 R = 110 D = 95 R = 75 D = 110 3 Districts = 5 Electoral Votes Used in Maine and Nebraska

52. THE JOB OF PRESIDENT Act as Commander in Chief Negotiate Treaties Receive Foreign Ambassadors Nominate Top Federal Officials Veto Bills Faithfully Administer Federal Laws Pardon Persons for Federal Offenses Address Congress and the Nation

53. WHAT WE LOOK FOR What we Really Want

54. THE BEST & WORST THE BEST THE WORST 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt 2. Abraham Lincoln 3. George Washington 4. Thomas Jefferson 5. Theodore Roosevelt 6. Woodrow Wilson 7. Harry S Truman 8. Ronald Reagan 9. Andrew Jackson 10. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1. James Buchanan 2. Franklin Pearce 3. Warren Harding 4. John Tyler 5. Andrew Johnson 6. Millard Fillmore 7. William Henry Harrison 8. Zachary Taylor 9. Chester Arthur 10. G.W. Bush 2011

55. GREAT PRESIDENTS ARE: Blessed with a great crisis Blessed with a great crisis Resolve the crisis in an innovative and creative way Resolve the crisis in an innovative and creative way Leave a legacy Leave a legacy

56. CONCEPTS OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER Narrow (Whig Model)-- presidential power is limited to the specific grants of power enumerated in the Constitution Narrow (Whig Model)-- presidential power is limited to the specific grants of power enumerated in the Constitution Pre-TR and Taft, Harding and Coolidge Pre-TR and Taft, Harding and Coolidge Broad (Stewardship Model) -- presidential power is greater than what is enumerated in the Constitution Broad (Stewardship Model) -- presidential power is greater than what is enumerated in the Constitution the role of precedent the role of precedent

57. PRESIDENTIAL CHARACTER What should we look for in a president? What should we look for in a president? James David Barber, Duke University James David Barber, Duke University Presidential Character is the “way a President orients himself toward life.” Presidential Character is the “way a President orients himself toward life.” Developed mainly during childhood Developed mainly during childhood Self-esteem underlies character. Self-esteem underlies character. The better people feel about themselves, the more likely they will be able to accept criticism, think rationally, and learn on the job. The better people feel about themselves, the more likely they will be able to accept criticism, think rationally, and learn on the job.

58. PRESIDENTIAL CHARACTER Based on two dimensions Based on two dimensions 1. The amount of energy a person puts into being president 1. The amount of energy a person puts into being president active or passive active or passive Plays the roles of being president aggressively Plays the roles of being president aggressively Rarely plays the roles of being president aggressively except during crisis Rarely plays the roles of being president aggressively except during crisis 2. How a person feels about being president 2. How a person feels about being president positive or negative positive or negative Enjoys the job of being president; flexible Enjoys the job of being president; flexible Unhappy in the job; anxious Unhappy in the job; anxious

59. PRESIDENTIAL CHARACTER PositiveNegative Active ADAPTIVE: self-confident; flexible; creates opportunities for action; enjoys the exercise of power, does not take himself too seriously; optimistic; emphasizes the "rational mastery" of his environment; power used as a means to achieve beneficial results. COMPULSIVE: power as a means to self-realization; expends great energy on tasks but derives little joy; preoccupied with whether he is failing or succeeding; low self-esteem; inclined to rigidity and pessimism; highly driven; problem managing aggression. Passive COMPLIANT: seek to be loved; easily manipulated; low self- esteem is overcome by ingratiating personality; reacts rather than initiates; superficially optimistic. WITHDRAWN: responds to a sense of duty; avoid power; low self-esteem compensated by service to others; responds rather than initiates; avoids conflict and uncertainty. emphasizes principles and procedures and an aversion to politicking.

60. PRESIDENTIAL CHARACTER

61. PRESIDENTIAL ROLES  Constitutional Powers

62. LEGISLATIVE LEADER When does Congress follow the lead of the president? When does Congress follow the lead of the president? The Honeymoon Period The Honeymoon Period International Crisis International Crisis

63. LEGISLATIVE LEADER When does Congress follow the lead of the president? When does Congress follow the lead of the president? The Honeymoon Period The Honeymoon Period International Crisis International Crisis Luck Luck Commanding majority in Congress Commanding majority in Congress

64. LEGISLATIVE LEADER When does Congress follow the lead of the president ? When does Congress follow the lead of the president ? The Honeymoon Period The Honeymoon Period International Crisis International Crisis Luck Luck Commanding majority in Congress Commanding majority in Congress Skilled at manipulation (LBJ Treatment) Skilled at manipulation (LBJ Treatment)

67. NOTHING LIKE A GOOD CRISIS ! Truman Korea Invaded 9 Eisenhower Egypt Seizes Suez Canal 7 Kennedy Cuban Missile Crisis 13 Johnson Bombing Halt of N. Vietnam 14 Nixon Vietnam Peace Agreement 16 Carter Hostages Seized in Iran 28 Bush Iraq Invasion of Kuwait 20 Clinton Invasion of Haiti 5 Bush September 11th 38 President Event Increase in Approval

68. Presidents Under Unified Government

69. Presidents Under Divided Government

70. Why Approval Ratings Go Down Over Time Expectations rise in campaigns and are dashed as time limits resources Expectations rise in campaigns and are dashed as time limits resources Things get blamed, rightly or wrongly, on the president Things get blamed, rightly or wrongly, on the president Major negative events influence how people evaluate presidents Major negative events influence how people evaluate presidents Press and media criticism accumulate over time Press and media criticism accumulate over time

71. APPROVAL RATINGS

80. PRESIDENTIAL AGENDA New Requests to Congress

81. VETO POWER Threat of a Veto Threat of a Veto Line Item Veto Line Item Veto Only on money bills Only on money bills Supreme Court declared this unconstitutional in 1997 Supreme Court declared this unconstitutional in 1997 Do Presidents Veto Many Bills?

82. PRESIDENTIAL VETOES AND OVERRIDES

84. Only one two term president did not veto a single bill.... Who was he?

85. SIGNING STATEMENTS AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS Signing Statement Signing Statement When the president signs a bill into law, he may attach a statement which indicates how the executive branch will interpret the law. When the president signs a bill into law, he may attach a statement which indicates how the executive branch will interpret the law. Most often rhetorical but sometimes contrary to congressional intent Most often rhetorical but sometimes contrary to congressional intent Executive Order Executive Order Proclamation – ceremonial Proclamation – ceremonial National Security Directive and Presidential Decision Directive – deal with national security and defense matters National Security Directive and Presidential Decision Directive – deal with national security and defense matters Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation Integration of the Armed Forces Integration of the Armed Forces

86. # of Significant Executive Orders Louisiana Purchase Emancipation Proclamation Japanese Internment Desegregation of the Military Initiation of Affirmative Action Creation of the Peace Corp Creation of the EPA

87. OPEN & CLOSED POLITICS State of the Union Message State of the Union Message Special Message Special Message Veto Power Veto Power Press Conferences Press Conferences Personal Contact Patronage Pork Barrel OpenClosed Presidential power is the power to persuade

88. State of the Union “The president shall from time to time give to the Congress information on the State of the Union.... Article II, Section 3, Clause 1 1790-1934: Known as the “Annual Message” 1 st Radio Broadcast: Coolidge, 1923 1 st Television Message: Truman, 1947 The Longest: Taft, 1910 (27,651 words) The Shortest: Washington, 1790 (1,089 words)

89. PRESIDENTIAL SPEECHES In Thousands Obama

90. PRESS CONFERENCES President Average Per Month John Kennedy (1961-63) 1.9 Lyndon Johnson (1963-69) 2.2 Richard Nixon (1969-74) 0.6 Gerald Ford (1974-77) 1.3 Jimmy Carter (1977-81) 1.2 Ronald Reagan (1981-89) 0.5 George H. W.Bush (1989-93) 3.0 Bill Clinton (1993-01) 2.0 G.W. Bush (2001-08) 2.2 Obama (2009-11) 1.9 Press Conference

91. COMMANDER IN CHIEF Lincolnian View -- an expansive view of presidential authority Lincolnian View -- an expansive view of presidential authority Wilsonian-FDR View -- an executive- legislative partnership in war leadership; statutes passed giving broad powers to the president Wilsonian-FDR View -- an executive- legislative partnership in war leadership; statutes passed giving broad powers to the president

92. COMMANDER IN CHIEF The president is the ultimate decision maker in military matters The president is the ultimate decision maker in military matters Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia Reagan sent troops to Lebanon and to Grenada Reagan sent troops to Lebanon and to Grenada Clinton sent troops to Haiti and to Bosnia Clinton sent troops to Haiti and to Bosnia Obama sent special forces to Pakistan to assassinate Osama bin Laden Obama sent special forces to Pakistan to assassinate Osama bin Laden

93. PARTY LEADER The President is deprived of the advantage of a strong party organization that other heads of government enjoy The President is deprived of the advantage of a strong party organization that other heads of government enjoy Therefore, Presidents are heavily dependent on their own personal skills Therefore, Presidents are heavily dependent on their own personal skills

94. Private Clubs and Organizations Precinct Party Committees Municipal Party Committees County Party Committees State Party Committees

95. CHIEF DIPLOMAT The Two Presidencies Thesis The Two Presidencies Thesis Receive Ambassadors Receive Ambassadors Summit Conferences Summit Conferences

96. CHIEF DIPLOMAT Treaties and Executive Agreements Treaties and Executive Agreements Emergency Powers to be used during time of crisis (Inherent Powers) Emergency Powers to be used during time of crisis (Inherent Powers) Lincoln suspended civil liberties at the start of the Civil War Lincoln suspended civil liberties at the start of the Civil War Lincoln called state militias into national service Lincoln called state militias into national service Truman seized the steel mills during the Korean War to prevent a strike (overturned by the Supreme Court) Truman seized the steel mills during the Korean War to prevent a strike (overturned by the Supreme Court)

97. Treaties and Executive Agreements Period # of Treaties# of Ex. Agreements Johnson, 64-68671,083 Nixon, 69-74931,317 Ford, 75-7626666 Carter, 77-80791,476 Reagan, 81-881252,840 Bush, 89-92671,350 Clinton, 93-002092,048 Bush, 01-081471,990 Obama, 09-1111611

98. DOMESTIC PROVISIONS... he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.... (Art. II, sec. 3)... he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.... (Art. II, sec. 3) In re Neagle In re Neagle Inherent Executive Powers Inherent Executive Powers Presidents have assumed “inherent powers” (not specifically mentioned in the Constitution). Presidents have assumed “inherent powers” (not specifically mentioned in the Constitution). Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana Bush’s suspension of civil liberties of foreign nationals held in military prison at Guantanamo Bay Bush’s suspension of civil liberties of foreign nationals held in military prison at Guantanamo Bay

99. DOMESTIC PROVISIONS... and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. (Art. II, sec. 2)... and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. (Art. II, sec. 2) -- amnesty (blanket pardon) -- Andrew Johnson gave amnesty to all former Confederate soldiers former Confederate soldiers -- Jimmy Carter gave amnesty to Vietnam era draft resisters era draft resisters

100. PRESIDENTIAL PARDONS Per Year

101. PUBLIC LEADER Presidents are news... Even when they do nothing Presidents are news... Even when they do nothing Presidents keep their eyes on public opinion polls Presidents keep their eyes on public opinion polls Trial Balloon Trial Balloon With public sentiment, nothing can fail; without it nothing can succeed.” Abraham Lincoln

102. IS IT TOO MUCH FOR ONE PERSON? The responsibilities are awesome The responsibilities are awesome There is no “vacation” There is no “vacation” The remuneration is poor The remuneration is poor

103. IS IT TOO MUCH FOR ONE PERSON? The president fulfills two roles that, in other nations, are performed by two different people The president fulfills two roles that, in other nations, are performed by two different people Head of Government Head of Government Chief of State Chief of State “The office of President is such a bastardized thing, half royalty and half democracy, that nobody knows whether to genuflect or spit.” Jimmy Breslin