1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 1 Body Organization Chapter 5

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 1 Body Organization From Cells to Systems Cells Cells are the simplest and most basic units of all living organisms. Tissues A group of cells that look alike and work together to perform a single function is called a tissue. Organs Two or more tissues that work together to perform a special function are called an organ. Chapter 5

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 1 Body Organization From Cells to Systems Body Systems A group of organs that work together for one purpose is called a body system. Chapter 5

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 1 Body Organization Chapter 5 Your body is made of cells. These cells are arranged into tissues, organs, and body systems.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 1 Body Organization Body Systems Work Together Specific Functions Each one of your body systems is made of organs that work together to perform specific functions for your body. Depending on Each Other Body systems depend on each other to perform their functions properly. When the body systems work together properly, they keep the body alive and healthy. Chapter 5

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 2 The Nervous System Mission Control What Does the Nervous System Do? Your nervous system regulates all of your body’s functions and activities at the same time. Parts of Your Nervous System Your nervous system is composed of your brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs, such as your eyes, ears, and the taste buds on your tongue. Chapter 5

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 2 The Nervous System Chapter 5 Your nervous system allows you to perform many tasks at once without having to think too much about any one of them.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 2 The Nervous System Your Brain What Is Your Brain? Your brain is the mass of nervous tissue that is located inside your skull. Parts of the Brain The brain consists of three parts: 1. the cerebrum 2. the cerebellum 3. the brainstem Chapter 5

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 2 The Nervous System Chapter 5 Different parts of your brain control different body functions. The pink, purple, teal, and green areas are all parts of the cerebrum.

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 2 The Nervous System The Central Nervous System Parts of the Central Nervous System The central nervous system, or CNS, includes your brain and spinal cord. What Is the Spinal Cord? The spinal cord is a bundle of nervous tissue that is about a foot and a half long and is surrounded by your backbone. The major function of the spinal cord is to relay impulses between the brain and different parts of the body. Chapter 5

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 2 The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System Parts of the Central Nervous System The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is composed of nerves that connect all parts of your body to the central nervous system. What Is a Nerve? A nerve is a bundle of cells that conducts electrical signals through the body. Chapter 5

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 2 The Nervous System Chapter 5 The CNS (in orange) acts as the control center for your body. The PNS (in purple) carries information to and from the CNS.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 3 The Endocrine System Grow, Fight, or Flee What Does the Endocrine System Do? The endocrine system is composed of tissues and organs throughout the body that make and release hormones. What Are Hormones? Hormones are chemicals that travel in the blood and cause changes in different parts of the body. Chapter 5

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 3 The Endocrine System Your Glands What Is a Gland? A tissue or group of tissues that makes and releases chemicals is called a gland. Endocrine glands make hormones. Some Endocrine Glands The names and some of the functions of your endocrine glands are shown on the next slide. Chapter 5

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 3 The Endocrine System Chapter 5

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 3 The Endocrine System Your Hormones The Release of Hormones Your hormones control many functions of your body. Your body makes and releases different amounts of hormones at different times of the day, at different times of the month, and at different times in your life. Chapter 5

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 3 The Endocrine System Chapter 5

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu When a hormone reaches a certain level then the endocrine system sends a signal that stops the release of the hormone. This is called NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 3 The Endocrine System Chapter 5

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Your Skeleton: Your Body’s Framework Body Structure and Support Your skeleton is the framework for your body. The bones that make up your skeletal system support your body. Two Types of Bones Your bones are made of two types of bone tissue. Compact bone is dense bone tissue found on the outside of all bones. Spongy bone is bone tissue that has many air spaces. Chapter 5

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Chapter 5 In children, red marrow fills the center of long bones. It is replaced with yellow marrow by adulthood.

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Chapter 5

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Joints What Is a Joint? A place in the body where two or more bones connect is a joint. Joint Classification Joints can be classified by how the bones move. Common joints are fixed joints, hinged joints, and ball-and-socket joints. Chapter 5

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Types of Muscle Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle makes up many of your internal organs, including your stomach and intestines. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle is the muscle found in the heart. Skeletal Muscle The muscle that is attached to the bones is called skeletal muscle. Chapter 5

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Chapter 5

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems How Muscles Make You Move Flexing When muscles contract, they can only pull the bones, not push them. To bend, or flex, the arm at the elbow, the biceps muscle contracts. Extending To straighten, or extend, the arm, the triceps muscle has to contract. When the triceps contracts, it pulls the bones of the forearm away from the biceps. Chapter 5

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Chapter 5

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems Digestion: From Food to Energy Your Digestive System The group of organs and glands that work together to physically and chemically break down, or digest, food is the digestive system. Nutrients After digestion, the nutrients are absorbed into the blood and carried to all the cells of the body. Chapter 5

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems The Journey of Food Your Mouth Digestion begins in the mouth when you chew your food. Your Stomach In the stomach, the food particles are mixed with acidic stomach juices. Chapter 5

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems The Journey of Food Your Small Intestine After a few hours, food leaves your stomach and enters your small intestine. Most chemical digestion and absorption happen in the small intestine. Chapter 5

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems How the Body Absorbs Nutrients Absorption in the Small Intestine Digested carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are absorbed in the small intestine. The nutrients are then carried in the blood to the rest of the body. Chapter 5

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems Chapter 5 The villi in the small intestine are lined with tiny blood vessels. Nutrients pass from the intestine to these blood vessels.

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems Excretion: Removing Liquid Waste Your Urinary System The urinary system is a group of organs that work together to remove liquid wastes from the blood. Other Organs of Excretion Your skin and lungs are other organs that excrete liquid wastes. Chapter 5

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems Filtering Blood Your Kidneys Your kidneys clean your blood. They also help regulate the amount of water in your body. The Nephrons The nephrons in the kidneys remove the wastes from the blood through a process called filtration. Chapter 5

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Circulation: All Aboard! Your Circulatory System The major function of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients and gases to different parts of the body where they can be used by the cells. Your Heart and Blood Vessels Every beat of your heart pushes blood through your body and back to the heart. Your blood vessels are like pipes through which the blood flows. Chapter 5

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Chapter 5 Your heart is a four-chambered organ that pumps blood through the body.

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems What Is Blood? Liquids and Solids Your blood contains the following materials: 1. Plasma 2. Platelets 3. Red blood cells 4. White blood cells Chapter 5

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Chapter 5

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Supply Lines Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Veins The vessels that return blood to the heart are called veins. Capillaries The microscopic blood vessels of the body that link the arteries and veins are called capillaries. Chapter 5

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems The Flow of Blood Through the Body The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into the two pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, blood receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Oxygen-rich blood travels through the four pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Chapter 5 continued on next slide

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems The Flow of Blood Through the Body The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. From the aorta, blood flows into the arteries and then into the capillaries. As blood travels through the capillaries, it carries oxygen, nutrients, and water to the cells. At the same time, waste materials and carbon dioxide are carried away. Chapter 5

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems The Respiratory System: Why You Breathe Your Respiratory System The respiratory system is the body system that brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Your Lungs The lungs are large, sponge-like organs in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are passed between the blood and the environment. Chapter 5

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Chapter 5 Air moves into and out of the body through the respiratory system.

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems How You Breathe Your Diaphragm The movement of air into and out of the lungs is caused by movement of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs. Inhaling and Exhaling When the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs contract, air enters the lungs. Air leaves the lungs when the same muscles relax. Chapter 5

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems The Process of Breathing Inhalation happens as the diaphragm contracts and drops, which causes the lungs to fill with air. Red blood cells pick up the oxygen from the alveolus. Then, the red blood cells release carbon dioxide into the alveolus. Chapter 5 continued on next slide

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems The Process of Breathing Tissues and cells pick up oxygen from the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide and waste gases into the bloodstream. The blood travels back to the lungs, where it exchanges the waste gases for oxygen. Exhalation happens as the diaphragm relaxes and rises, which forces air out of the lungs. Chapter 5

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body Body Systems and Total Health Working Together Each system in your body depends on the other systems to maintain your overall health. If one system fails, the functioning of the other body systems is affected. Protect Your Systems Protecting your body systems is important to maintaining your health. By learning to make good health decisions now, you can protect your health for years to come. Chapter 5

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body Staying Healthy The following list contains some tips for staying healthy: 1. Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet. 2. Drink lots of water every day. 3. Get enough exercise. 4. Wear proper safety equipment when playing sports, riding a bicycle, or working with tools. 5. Avoid alcohol, illegal drugs, and tobacco. 6. Visit your doctor regularly. Chapter 5